Biology 1001A Lecture Notes - Lecture 18: Cladistics, Reproductive Isolation, Ingroups And Outgroups

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1 Apr 2016

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Whether a particular trait is probably ancestral or derived, given a phylogeny and a suitable out-group. Absent in outgroup, present in all of the ingroup. Absent in outgroup, present in some of the ingroup. Identify which traits are which on the phylogeny to the right. Outgroup analysis is used to see whether a specific trait is ancestral or derived. Ancestral traits that are present in the out-group are found in all/some of the in-group. Derived traits that are absent in the out-group are found in some of the in-group. If a trait is present in out-group but none of in-group, or absent in out-group but present in. Trait could have been gained (derived) or lost (ancestral) over evolutionary time in these cases. Remember that it"s always more likely a trait is passed on than evolved multiple times. Homoplasy (convergent evolution) is the enemy when evaluating phylogenies.

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