Biology 1202B Lecture Notes - Lecture 22: Adaptive Immune System, Programmed Cell Death, Lysis
15 Oct 2018
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Cowpox; less deadly, but very similar to smallpox. Someone with cowpox is immune to smallpox. Infecting someone with similar but less severe form of the pathogen: empty pathogen empty protein coat. 1st line: skin, mucus, membranes, chemicals (external) 2nd line: phagocytosis, complement, interferon, inflammation, fever: 1st and 2nd are non-specific for animals. 3rd line: unique to vertebrates: memory; remembers encountering a pathogen. Preventing pathogens from entering body: physical: skin, mucous membranes, cilia, chemical: lysozyme, digestive enzymes. Macrophages; engulf and break down the bacteria: release chemicals cytokines and chemokines (signalling molecules. Histamines and cytokines; dilate blood vessels so there is more space: also causes the inside wall to become stickier. Neutrophils pass between cells of the blood vessel wall and migrate to infection site: engulf the pathogens and destroy them. Leukocytes are the active cells of the immune system. Interferes with the life cycle of the viral virus: cell is in the weakened state.
