BI110 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Closed System, Enthalpy, Thermodynamics

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turquoisewasp140

4 Nov 2020

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Chapter 4: thermodynamics: thermodynamics: study of energy and its transformations. Closed system: exchanges energy but no matter with its surroundings open system: exchanges energy and matter with its surroundings: energy: capacity to do work. Energy can be transformed but not created or destroyed. The total amount of energy in a system and its surrounding remain constant. Each time energy is transformed some it lost. Energy that is unused increases disorder when it is released. Total disorder of a system and its surroundings always increase. Entropy: the measure of disorder life and second law of thermodynamics: life is highly ordered, therefore goes against 2nd law of thermodynamics, living things bring in energy and matter in order to generate order out of disorder. Eat to maintain low entropy (maintain order) thermodynamics in living cells: consider surroundings, left is disordered where as right has a more ordered system, energy gives off heat which increases order of surrounding because of.

Related Questions

As entropy increases there will be more useful energy to doâworkâ. True or false?

False. As entropy increases, there will generally be less usefulenergy to do work. We can think of entropy as usually being presentin the form of heat energy. Imagine a car motor, which attempts toturn chemical potential energy into kinetic energy (movement). Lessefficient motors will get hotter for the same amount of fuelconsumed. When you drive a car you hope that most of the fuelenergy is converted into kinetic energy and not lost as heat(entropy). The hotter the car (and thus the more entropy) the lessefficient the ability to do âworkâ (the moving of the vehicle).

True. As entropy increases, there will generally be more usefulenergy to do work. We can think of entropy as usually being presentin the form of heat energy. In most biological and mechanicalsystems it is heat energy which is captured to do useful 'work'.Heat energy, the random movement of molecules, and increases inentropy are central to doing useful work.

Biological systems sometimes appear on the surface to break theSecond Law of Thermodynamics â by seemingly increasing the order inthe overall system. They donât. Why?

a. Earth (and living things on it) are not a closed system. Thesun's constant input of energy in the form of photons is harnessedby living things to create internal order within themselves. Butwithout such a constant input of energy, most biological systems onearth would break down.

b. The Second Law tells us that no natural process can occurunless it is also associated with an increase in the entropy of theuniverse. A living organism (such as an animal or plant) brings inmatter and energy from its environment and uses this to creategreater order within its body: the processes of life. But it isimportant to keep in mind that all animals and plants are also partof a larger system of the environment around them. While creating asmall âpocketâ of order, the processes of life (metabolism,movement, etc..) releases heat into the environment â thusincreasing the entropy of the universe and following the2^nd law.

c. Living things, by harnessing energy to create order (withinand around themselves) actually create a paradox in questionssurrounding the first and second laws of thermodynamics andseemingly violate many previously held assumptions.

d. Both a and b above are correct.

When plants capture energy in the photons of sunlight andconvert that energy into the chemical bonds of organic molecules,are they creating new energy?

No, the energy is being transferred from one form into another.But no new energy is being created.

No, the overall total energy is decreasing over time.

Yes, by capturing photons, the plants are creating newenergy.

Yes, by capturing photons, the plants are creating new energy -of a different wavelength.

ceruleanhamster867

Part 1: Living cells are highly ordered units, yet the universe is heading toward higher entropy. Discuss how life can maintain its order in spite of the second law of thermodynamics. Are we defying this law? Part 2: What is the advantage of using ATP as a common energy source? Another way of asking this question is, Why is ATP an advantage over using a bunch of different food molecules? For example, instead of just having a Na+/K+-ATPase in a cell, why not have a bunch of different ion pumps each driven by a different food molecule, like a Na+/K+-glucosase (a pump that uses glucose), a Na+/K+-sucrase (a pump that uses sucrose), a Na+/K+-fatty acidase (a pump that uses fatty acids), and so on?

rubyleopard401

Question 1

Which is a population?

		All the members of a species inhabiting a given location.
		All the interacting populations in a given area.
		The living community and the physical environment functioning together as an independant and relatively stable system.
		All of the above

5 points

Question 2

Which is not an abiotic factor?

		Intensity of light
		type of substratum
		range of temperatures
		living things

5 points

Question 3

What does the fertility rate have to be in order to keep a population stable (neither increasing or decreasing)?

		1
		2
		3
		4

5 points

Question 4

Japan's population is falling due to a low fertility rate.

True

False

5 points

Question 5

When the population remains relatively constant over a number of years this is known as

		steady state
		abiotic state
		biotic state
		Both abiotic and biotic states

5 points

Question 6

Which are the living components of the environment?

		biotic factors
		abiotic factors
		neutrality factors
		non-organic factors

5 points

Question 7

What is carrying capacity?

		The maximum number of organisms the resources of an area can support.
		The amount of abiotic factors in an area.
		The amount of energy.
		The density of a star.

5 points

Question 8

Which can synthesize their own food?

		heterotroph
		herbivore
		autotroph
		carnivore

5 points

Question 9

Which is an example of a saprophyte?

		vulture
		bacteria
		mouse
		frog

5 points

Question 10

This consumes both plants and animals.

		Carnivore
		Herbivore
		Omnivore
		Tachivore

5 points

Question 11

Global warming might actually cause global freezing.

True

False

5 points

Question 12

There are good odds that a future virus can cause the extinction of the human race.

True

False

5 points

Question 13

A heterotroph can make its own food.

True

False

5 points

Question 14

According to the 1st Law of Thermodynamics, disorder always increases.

True

False

5 points

Question 15

In 5 billion years the Sun will expand and burn up the Earth.

True

False

5 points

Question 16

Einstein stated that World War 4 will be fought with sticks and stones.

True

False

5 points

Question 17

Which is not true of the First Law of Thermodynamics?

		Energy cannot be created
		Energy cannot be destroyed.
		Energy can change forms.
		All are true.

5 points

Question 18

According to the Second Law of Thermodynamics, the heat death of the universe is its ultimate fate.

True

False

5 points

Question 19

Which is organic?

		CH₄
		CO₂
		H₂O
		N₂

5 points

Question 20

The Sun and the core are the primary energy sources for the Earth.

True

False

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BI110 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Closed System, Enthalpy, Thermodynamics

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