PS102 Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Sketchpad, Dysgeusia, Optic Chiasm

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23 Aug 2018
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PS102- MIDTERM 1 REVIEW
Chapter 1- pages 14-20 & 23-28
Psychoanalysis- the psychology of the unconscious
William Wundt
Father of psychology
Study of conscious
Sigmund Freud
Belief that people’s behaviours are based off unconscious desired and conflicts
Developed psychoanalysis
Aimed to resolve unconscious conflicts
Behaviourism
Psychological research should only focus on behaviour that you can observe
B.F Skinner
Freud= unconscious
Skinner= observable behaviour
B.F Skinner
Behaviourism
Developed operant conditioning to shape behaviour
Edward Thorndike
Proposed research findings from the study of animals that could help explain human behaviour
Proposed Law of Effect (suggests we are creatures that engage in a behaviour more often when
we have satisfying/rewarding consequences)
Ivan Pavlov
Dogs could learn to associate a bell with an automatic behaviour such as salivating for food
Classical conditioning
John B. Watson
“little albert” experiment
demonstrated that children (people) could be classically conditioned
child was trained to be afraid of furry animals
Albert Bandura
famous for observational learning
described learning by social observation in children & several species of primates
Bonobo chimpanzee observing behaviour of an adult
Developmental psychology
An example of academic psychology
Humanistic Psychology- a new direction
Humanist psychologists stressed that a person has a capacity for personal growth and the freedom
to choose his/her destiny and positive qualities
Therapist makes him feel respected and unconditionally supported
Carl Rogers
o Developed “client centered” therapy
o Said that people are innately good
Abraham Maslow
o Theory of motivation that consists of hierarchy of needs
Cognitive psychology: revitalization of study of the mind
Ulric Neisser- coined the term cognitive psychology as the study of information processing
Role of mental processes in how people process information, develop language, solve problems,
think
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Cognitive psychologists compared the human mind to a computer (when computers became
popular)
Psychodynamics
Likely to focus on the impact of early childhood experiences
An approach to psychology that emphasizes systematic study of psychological forces that
underlie human behaviour, feelings, and emotions and how they might relate to early experience
Often criticized for being unscientific
Psychoanalysis
Freud: conscious and unconscious
New therapist helps patient with depression by working to resolve conflict between conscious and
unconscious mind
Psychology today
Blurred lines between all branches of psychology
Doctoral degrees awarded in psychology
Clinical psychology is the most common PhD
Shared values of all psychologists (psychology is…)
Theory driven
o Theories used to explain behaviour
Empirical
o Based on research
Multi-level
o Explained by the brain, individual, social influences (3 levels)
Contextual
o Based on cultural context
Past: belief that women talk more than men
Currently: studies show women and men talk same amount of words
Current trends in psychology
Growing diversity
o More women and members of minority groups
o Efficacy increases
Drug testing was only conducted based on white males; efficacy was decreased
because they did not include white women
Sample group must be wholesome (world doesn’t consist of only white men)
Advances in technology
o Development of computers and brain imaging techniques
Leads to new research in fields of cognitive neuroscience and social neuroscience
New schools of thought
o Positive psychology and positive psychotherapy focus on happiness and other emotions
o Yoga, meditation, exercises
o Helps clinical depression
Collectivist culture
People from collectivistic cultures would mention their family ties or their nationality
Chapter 2- pages 44-56
Psychology as a science
Research
1. Theory: explains and predicts observed phenomena
2. Hypothesis: falsifiable and testable prediction
3. Confirmation
4. Data: systematic observation
Research methods to achieve goals
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1. Descriptive research
o Case studies, naturalistic observation, surveys
o Purpose: observe, collect, record data (meets descriptive goal of psychology)
o Advantages: good for developing early ideas, more reflective of actual behaviour than
other methods, easier to collect data
2. Experimental research
o Manipulation and control variables
o Purpose: identify cause and effect (meets explanation goal of psychology)
o Advantages: allows researchers to have precise control over variables and to identify
cause and effect
o Disadvantages: ethical concerns, practical limits, artificiality of lab conditions,
cofounding variables, research and participant bias
Methods to achieve goals
Naturalistic and laboratory observations
o Playground (naturalistic) vs. big brother (laboratory)
Case studies
o Special samples (Genie in linguistic isolation)
Surveys
o Big samples
o Self-report
o Quasi-experiments
o Experiments
Descriptive statistics (one variable)
used to give basic information about what we find
Provides a summary/frequency distribution or table
Mean/median/mode- measures of central tendency
o Describe where the scores lie
Standard deviation & range- measures variability
o How much the scores differ from each other
Normal distribution
o Bell shaped/bell curve
Scores
Variability- how much variability a score has from the mean
o Little: all bunched up and close to the mean
o Lots: wide curve
Median
o Middle score
o Falls in the middle of distribution
o Less affected by the outliers
Analyzing data
Descriptive statistics
o Summarize actual study data
o Determine correlations
Inferential statistics
o Extend conclusions to larger population
o Determine the hypothesis has been supported or if there is a meaningful difference
between the groups
Reading correlation graphs
Data points
Scatterplots
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Document Summary

William wundt: father of psychology, study of conscious. Sigmund freud: belief that people"s behaviours are based off unconscious desired and conflicts, developed psychoanalysis, aimed to resolve unconscious conflicts. Behaviourism: psychological research should only focus on behaviour that you can observe, b. f skinner, freud= unconscious, skinner= observable behaviour. B. f skinner: behaviourism, developed operant conditioning to shape behaviour. Edward thorndike: proposed research findings from the study of animals that could help explain human behaviour, proposed law of effect (suggests we are creatures that engage in a behaviour more often when we have satisfying/rewarding consequences) Ivan pavlov: dogs could learn to associate a bell with an automatic behaviour such as salivating for food, classical conditioning. Little albert experiment: demonstrated that children (people) could be classically conditioned child was trained to be afraid of furry animals. Albert bandura famous for observational learning: described learning by social observation in children & several species of primates, bonobo chimpanzee observing behaviour of an adult.

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