HUMA 205 Lecture Notes - Lecture 8: Golgi Apparatus, Telophase, Oncogene
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DNA Replica+on:
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The other side of the double helix can replicate but in two segments
rather than one and then joins them up: discon9nuous strand and
the copied strand
Mul9ple origins of Replica9on:
Large amounts of DNA is replicated in a short 9me
One strand forms in one direc9on and another strand replicates
discon9nuously
DNA Polymerase:
Enzyme which accurately match DNA bases with their nucleo9de
bases: A with T and C with G
Proof reading ability to correct mismatched bases
Links nucleo9des
Requires a primer to begin synthesis – adds DNA to begin synthesis
Causes replica9on to be semi – discon9nuous
Only one strand – the leading one is synthesised con9nuously
Other strand must be made in pieces – each with it’s own primer
Telomeres:
Are at the end of all chromosomes
Allow accurate replica9on of the en9re chromosomes
Telomeres become shorter as a person ages = slower cell division
Telomerase: enzyme that maintains, synthesises and renovates
telomeres
High in embryonic and childhood development
Low in adult non sex cells
High in ac9vely dividing cells – white blood cells
Cancer cells = ac9va9on of telomerase – immortal cells
Chromosomes are condensed into chroma9ds for cell replica9on to
occur
Mitosis:
Separa9on of the already replicated chromosomes into two
daughter nuclei
Crea9on of new nucleus
Nuclear replica9on followed by cytokinesis
DNA is divided into two sets of chromosomes with their own nucleus
Mitosis + cytokinesis = two iden9cal daughter cells
Necessary for growth, repair and di;eren9a9on of cells
Stages of Mitosis:
1. Prophase:
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Control Of Cell Cycle:
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Document Summary
Replicaon: a chromosome is replicated idencally and aaaches to the centromere creang an x shape unl they divide. Building blocks to make the copy: nucleoside triphosphates. Dna replicaon is semi-conservave: meaning that one strand is the original and the copied uses the original as it"s template. For replicaon to occur: dna double helix opens up so that the nucleode bases are exposed and therefore new ones can pair up with them. Then, copies are needed of both strands: One side of the double helix, the original can be replicated sequenally from lek to right by the dna polymerase: connuous strand and the original. The other side of the double helix can replicate but in two segments rather than one and then joins them up: disconnuous strand and the copied strand. Large amounts of dna is replicated in a short me.
