BIO-1801 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Organism, Meiosis, Green Fluorescent Protein

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9 Sep 2015

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Energy is used in chemical reactions collectively known as metabolism. Organisms regulate their cells and bodies, maintaining relatively stable internal conditions, a process called homeostasis. Growth produces more or larger cells, whereas development produces organisms with a defined set of characteristics. To sustain life over many generations, organisms must reproduce. Due to the transmission of genetic material, offspring tend to have traits like their parents. Populations of organisms change over the course of many generations. Evolution results in traits that promote survival and reproductive success. Biological evolution: adaptation, genetic drift: atoms, molecules and macromolecules, cells, tissues, organs, organism, population, community, ecosystem. Unity: all life displays a common set of characteristics, united by an evolutionary past. Diverse forms of life in diverse environments. Life began on earth as primitive cells 3. 5-4 billion years ago. Those primitive cells underwent evolutionary changes that gave rise to the species we see today.

Related Questions

It's a quiz for my life science class.

QUESTION 1

Organisms that have descended from the same initial group and have the ability to interbreed belong to the same

	A.	species.
	B.	family.
	C.	class.
	D.	genus.
	E.	order.

5 points

QUESTION 2

The simplest entity that exhibits all of the properties of life is called a(n)

	A.	molecule.
	B.	cell.
	C.	organism.
	D.	tissue.

5 points

QUESTION 3

In populations, adaptation usually arises through

	A.	responsiveness.
	B.	heredity.
	C.	metabolism.
	D.	natural selection.
	E.	development.

5 points

QUESTION 4

Scientists have found that ancient fossils

	A.	are less similar to present-day organisms than more recent fossils.
	B.	are just as similar to present-day organisms as more recent fossils.
	C.	are more similar to present-day organisms than more recent fossils.
	D.	are very similar to present-day organisms.
	E.	bear no resemblance to present-day organisms.

5 points

QUESTION 5

What is the term that describes the study of the relationship between living things and components of their environment?

	A.	herpetology
	B.	analogy
	C.	zoology
	D.	ecology
	E.	ichnology

5 points

QUESTION 6

Characteristics usually associated with life include all of the following except:

	A.	motility.
	B.	a high degree of organization.
	C.	lack of change from generation to generation.
	D.	reproduction.
	E.	responsiveness to stimuli.

5 points

QUESTION 7

The scientific name for the black-footed ferret is Mustela nigripes. The name Mustela indicates the _____________________ to which the organisms belongs.

	A.	phylum
	B.	class
	C.	family
	D.	species
	E.	genus

5 points

QUESTION 8

Which of the following is considered to be the most basic living unit?

	A.	organ system
	B.	molecule
	C.	organelle
	D.	cell
	E.	tissue

5 points

QUESTION 9

Which of the following concepts best describes the wide variety of dog species we observe, ranging from the domesticated golden retriever or the basset hound, to the wild dogs of Africa, to foxes?

	A.	preadaptation
	B.	special creation
	C.	inheritance of acquired characteristics.
	D.	taxonomy
	E.	evolution

5 points

QUESTION 10

If an ecologist is studying the cycling of carbon through a particular environment (which involes the movement of carbon through living things as well as through rock, air, and water), the scientist is studying at what level of ecology?

	A.	organismal
	B.	community
	C.	ecosystem
	D.	population
	E.	biosphere

5 points

QUESTION 11

Which list is organized from smallest to largest level of organization of life?

	A.	organisms, organ systems, organs, tissues, cells, organelles
	B.	organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms
	C.	organelles, tissues, cells, organ systems, organs, organisms
	D.	tissues, cells, organelles, organs, organ systems, organisms
	E.	cells, tissues, organ systems, organelles, organs, organisms

5 points

QUESTION 12

When examining the hierarchy of life, which of the following terms is most inclusive?

	A.	biosphere
	B.	population
	C.	species
	D.	ecosystem

5 points

QUESTION 13

The units of inheritance are

	A.	evolutions.
	B.	heredities.
	C.	genes
	D.	twins.
	E.	metabolic activities.

5 points

QUESTION 14

Organisms that undergo asexual reproduction

	A.	require another organism to reproduce.
	B.	are usually very complex.
	C.	produce offspring that are different from each other.
	D.	do not require energy to reproduce.
	E.	produce offspring that are identical to each other and to the parent.

5 points

QUESTION 15

All the living organisms in a particular area at a particular time make up a

	A.	biosphere.
	B.	community.
	C.	biosystem.
	D.	population.
	E.	ecosystem.

5 points

QUESTION 16

The first step in the scientific method is to

	A.	identify a problem.
	B.	predict the results of an experiment.
	C.	propose a solution.
	D.	draw a conclusion.
	E.	perform an experiment.

5 points

QUESTION 17

Young multicelled organisms usually start out small, then grow in size, and increase in complexity. This process is called:

	A.	heredity.
	B.	metabolism.
	C.	development.
	D.	evolution.
	E.	heredity.

5 points

QUESTION 18

To maintain order within their cells and organs, all living things must

	A.	carry on metabolism.
	B.	reproduce.
	C.	constantly change.
	D.	be able to move.
	E.	extract energy from sunlight.

5 points

QUESTION 19

Which of the following includes Highest levels of hierarchy?

	A.	family
	B.	phylum
	C.	domain
	D.	kingdom
	E.	order

5 points

QUESTION 20

Fungi are classified into which domain?

	A.	Archaea
	B.	Eukarya
	C.	Bacteria
	D.	Fungi

erinhare264

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Question 211 pts

Blood cells placed in pure water will burst because there is a net movement of water out of the cell.

True

False

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Question 221 pts

Photosynthesis takes place in tiny organelles within the cell known as mitochondria.

True

False

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Question 231 pts

The balanced chemical equation for cellular respiration is

C6H12O6 + 6O2 â 6CO2 + 6 H2O + 36 or 38 ATP

True

False

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Question 241 pts

A catalyst is anything that speeds up a chemical reaction.

True

False

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Question 251 pts

Kinetic energy is the energy an object possesses due to its motion.

True

False

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Question 261 pts

Changes in temperature and pH may speed up or slow down the activity of an enzyme.

True

False

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Question 271 pts

There are 20 different amino acids.

True

False

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Question 281 pts

The products of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis are oxygen, ATP, and NADPH.

True

False

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Question 291 pts

Which of the following is NOT a component of the Cell Theory?

Cells arise only by division of a previously existing cell.

Cells are the smallest units of structure and function

All organisms are composed of one or more cells.

Cells can vary their shape and size to suit the environment for survival.

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Question 301 pts

What is the name of the two subatomic particles that can be found in the nucleus of an atom?

neutrons and electrons

protons and neutrons

protons and electrons

protons and morons

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Question 311 pts

Atoms that have either a positive or negative charge are known as:

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Question 321 pts

An atom with an unfilled outer energy level (electron shell) is likely to be:

inert

unable to form bonds with other atoms

reactive

extremely stable

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Question 331 pts

All living things are able to maintain stable internal conditions. This is known as

metabolism

homeostasis

heredity

cellular organization

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Question 341 pts

Which of the following is NOT considered to be one of the five basic properties shared among living organisms?

made of one or more cells

grow and reproduce

posses DNA

need oxygen to survive

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Question 351 pts

CFCs (Chlorofluorocarbons) in the stratosphere cause:

global warming due to increased CO2

increase ozone levels by converting O2 to O3 and decreasing UV passage to Earth.

act as a catalyst to destroy ozone increasing UV passage to Earth.

increased ice crystal formation that cools the earth.

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Question 361 pts

The process by which traits are passed from parents to offspring is known as:

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Question 371 pts

Alcoholic fermentation occurs in muscle cells of the human body.

True

False

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Question 381 pts

If carbon has 6 protons and 6 neutrons, how many electrons must it have to be electrically neutral?

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Question 391 pts

The loss of an electron is known as _______; the gain of an electron is known as ________.

reduction; oxidation

transduction; adduction

oxidation; reduction

removal; addition

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Question 401 pts

Kinetic energy is the stored energy that can be used for motion.

True

blushfox941

1. Humans have the scientific name Homo sapiens. We are members of the family Pongidae, in the order Primates, in the class Mammalia, in the phylum Chordata. Based only on this information, which of the following is not a correct statement?

a. The speciation event (lineage-splitting) that generated the genus Homo occurred earlier than the speciation event that generated the species H. sapiens.

b. The most inclusive of these taxonomic groups is Chordata.

c. The genus Homo might have as many species as are in the entire family Pongidae.

d. There can be no other species in the genus Homo.

e. All mammals must be Chordates.

2. Endotherms differ from ectotherms in that:

a. Environmental temperature has little effect on the energy budget of endotherms but a strong effect on the energy budget of ectotherms.

b. An endotherm's metabolic rate is not affected by temperature whereas the metabolism of an ectotherm has a Q10 of 2-3.

c. Endotherms are vertebrates and ectotherms are invertebrates.

d. On average, endotherms are much better sprinters (i.e., can run faster for short distances) than ectotherms.

e. Endotherms are much better able to support endurance exercise than ectotherms.

3. You measure oxygen consumption of a lizard at three temperatures, as follows: 18 Â°C: 0.090 ml O2/min 23 Â°C: 0.135 ml O2/min 28 Â°C: 0.200 ml O2/min From these data you calculate the Q10 to be:

a. 1.8

b. 2.0

c. 2.2

d. 2.5

e. none of these are correct.

4. What is the best description of how evolution by selection (natural or artificial) works?

a. mutation generates variation randomly, sex makes new combinations of genes randomly, and selection picks the best ones for reproduction.

b. selection leads to non-random mutation to make useful new alleles, which are then combined by sex.

c. exposure to environmental factors leads to non-random mutations that improve fitness.

d. through selection, mutations occur in those genes that will improve fitness.

e. mutation generates random new alleles, and sex combines them in ways that select the best for future generations.

5. Which of the following is a correct match between a major lineage and its characteristics?

a. Archaea: extremophiles, ribosomes, RNA as genetic material, no nuclear membrane

b. Eukarya: mitochondria, DNA as genetic material, photosynthetic or chemohetrotrophic

c. Bacteria: mitochondria, DNA as genetic material, no nuclear membrane

d. Eumetazoa: extremophiles, ribosomes, DNA as genetic material, nuclear membrane, chemoheterotrophic

e. Protostomes: triploblastic, eucoelomate, blastopore becomes anus, indeterminate cleavage

6. Which of the following statements about animal life history events is correct?

a. Being multicellular requires a larval stage in the life cycle.

b. Mutation is sufficient to produce considerable genetic variation between different tissues in an individual.

c. Senescence is defined by slow, constant decline in survival as individuals get older.

d. Different cell types are formed when different but specific portions of the zygoteâs DNA are lost from the different germ layers during development.

e. In an individual, the only cells that differ genetically from other cells are gametes.

7. Which of the following statements about terrestrial vertebrates is correct?

a. Jaws evolved from paired appendages, which in turn evolved because they improved swimming ability.

b. Legs evolved from fins after early fishlike vertebrates invaded the land.

c. Jaws and inner ear bones evolved from gill arches, and leglike appendages evolved under selection for aquatic locomotion.

d. Viviparity (giving birth to well-developed young instead of laying eggs) was vital to the ability to reproduce on land without returning to the water.

e. Lungs for breathing air evolved after early fishlike vertebrates invaded the land (the first land vertebrates had to depend on gills for breathing air)

8. The essential features of a hydrostatic skeleton include:

a. antagonistic muscles.

b. a non-deformable fluid-filled space

c. flexible joints.

d. compressible material capable of changing volume

e. all of the above (a) â (d) are correct.

9. You are a Peace Corps volunteer physician in a developing country. You notice that some of the villages you visit have a high incidence of a parasitic disease, but other nearby villages are unaffected. Investigating you find the villages with disease are in wet areas with lots of snails and frogs, while the disease-free villages are in drier places but have lots of insects and mice. From this information, what might you reasonably conclude about the type of parasite responsible for the disease?

a. Itâs a trematode (these need mollusks as intermediate hosts).

b. Itâs a nematode (these are vectored mainly by frogs).

c. Itâs an apicomplexan parasite (these require wet areas and enter the skin through standing water).

d. Itâs a trypanosome (these are transmitted by mammal bites).

e. The information doesnât provide useful clues about the type of parasite.

10. Which of the following pairs of primary diagnostic characters is correctly matched with taxonomic groups?

a. circulatory system vs. water vascular system: Nematoda vs. Echinodermata

b. schizocoely vs. enterocoely: Radiata vs. Bilateria

c. pharyngeal slits vs. polyp and medusa: Chordata vs. Cnidaria

d. gastrovascular cavity vs. complete gut: Cnidaria vs. Cestoda

e. hemocoel vs. contractile vacuole: apicomplexans vs. rhizopoda

Please provide explanation too.

BIO-1801 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Organism, Meiosis, Green Fluorescent Protein

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