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ECN 101 Lecture Notes - Lecture 22: Potential Output, Balanced Budget

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orangeminnow841
21 Dec 2020
School
ACC
Department
Economics
Course
ECN 101
Professor
Towler

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Document Summary

The multiplier (m) is the number by which the change in autonomous expenditure must be multiplied in order to obtain the size of the change in equilibrium level of income. Ie: if m = 5, i = 10, then y = 5 x 10 = 50. Y = 100 + 0. 8(100) + 0. 82(100) + 0. 83(100) = 500. Note: the multiplier is just 1 divided by (1 minus the slope) of the pae curve. Thus,at equilibrium (ie: pae = y): y = aem*(autonomous components) (slide 20) An increase in a component of autonomous expenditure, being part of aggregate expenditure, will increase pae by the same amount. As income rises, consumption is induced to rise by an amount dependent on the size of the. Mpc, as income is a component of consumption. (ie: similar to how we analyse a change in the pae curve above)

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Related Questions

10,A change in the price level​ ________ the AE curve and​ ________ the AD curve.
A.
​shifts; shifts
B.
has no effect​ on; results in a movement along
C.
results in a movement​ along; results in a movement along
D.
results in a movement​ along; shifts
E.
​shifts; results in a movement along

17,When the price level​ falls, the aggregate planned expenditure curve shifts​ ________, equilibrium expenditure​ ________ and there is a movement​ ________ along the aggregate demand curve.
A.
​upward; increases; upward
B.
​downward; decreases; downward
C.
​upward; decreases; downward
D.
​upward; increases; downward
E.
​downward; increases; upward

21,Which of the following increases the size of the expenditure​ multiplier?
A.
an increase in autonomous spending
B.
a decrease in the marginal propensity to consume
C.
a decrease in the marginal propensity to import
D.
an increase in the marginal income tax rate
E.
an increase in investment

23,If the quantity of real GDP demanded is greater than the quantity of real GDP​ supplied, then
A.
the price level falls and firms decrease production.
B.
aggregate demand changes to restore equilibrium.
C.
the economy must be producing at potential GDP.
D.
the price level falls to restore the macroeconomic equilibrium
E.
the price level rises and firms increase production.


24, ________ can trigger an expansion.
A.
Equality between aggregate expenditure and real GDP
B.
A decrease in induced expenditure
C.
A downward shift of the AE line
D.
An increase in autonomous expenditure
E.
A decrease in autonomous expenditure


In the country of Utopia, the structure of the economy is described as the following:

Y = C + I + G + (X – M)

C = C0 + (mpc)(DI)

I = I0 + (mpi)(Y)

M = M0 + (mpm)(DI)

DI = Y – T

T = (t)(Y)

Where Y is the level of real GDP in the economy, DI denotes the disposable income in the economy, C represents the level of consumption in the economy, C0 is the autonomous consumption level, mpc denotes the marginal propensity to consume, I is the level of investment in the economy, I0 characterizes the autonomous investment, mpi is the marginal propensity to invest, G characterizes the level of government expenditure, X is the level of export from the country, M represents the amount of import in the country, M0 is the level of autonomous import, mpm denotes the marginal propensity to import, T is the amount of tax imposed in the country, and t represents the average tax rate in the economy.

After extensive research, the economists in Utopia believe that the following values (all the dollar values are in number of millions) can be assigned to the structure of the economy, C0 = $500; mpc = 0.8; I0 = $200; mpi = 0.2; G = $400; X = $300; M0 = $100; mpm = 0.1; and t = 0.25. The Utopian economists further believe that the level of potential GDP in the country is $4,000.

Questions:

1. What is the demand side equilibrium level of real GDP in the country? Please show your calculations.

2. Is the overall Utopian economy in equilibrium? Elaborate your answer.

3. If the economy is not in equilibrium, what will happen eventually? Explain your answer.

4. What is the value of the overall multiplier? Please show your calculations and explain the value.

The country of Utopia is probably experiencing a recessionary pressure in its economy now. The economists are suspecting that, since the latest estimates of mpc, mpi, and mpm indicate that their estimated values have gone down to 0.65, 0.15, and 0.05 respectively.

5. What is the demand side equilibrium level of real GDP in the country now? Please show your calculations.

6. Is the overall Utopian economy now in equilibrium? Elaborate your answer.

7. If the economy is not in equilibrium now, what will happen eventually? Explain your answer.

8. What is the adjusted value of the overall multiplier? Please show your calculations and explain the value.

The Modified Keynesian Model

Y = C + I + G + X – IM … equilibrium condition in a 4-sector model where:

C = 150 + 0.9DI … consumption function

I = 50 … autonomous investment

G = 100 … autonomous government spending

X = 200 … autonomous exports

IM = 100 … autonomous imports

And also:

DI = Y – T + Tr T = 0 … autonomous taxes

Tr = 0 … autonomous transfer payments

YF = 5000 … full-employment Y

1. Solve for the equilibrium level of real output/income (Y*) in this economy.

2. Given the model above, net exports equal $________. Does this represent a trade deficit or trade surplus?

3. Given the model above, the federal budget has a (deficit/surplus) equal to $________.

4. What is the value of the MPC? … the value of the MPS?

5. Calculate the “oversimplified” expenditure multiplier.

6. Suppose that full-employment (YF) equals $5000. Is there a recessionary or inflationary output gap?

7. (Refer to question “6”.) How much is the gap equal to?

8. Suppose the government chooses to eliminate the gap by using expansionary fiscal policy (i.e., increasing G). Given the numbers above, by how much would government spending (G) need to increase to achieve the goal of full-employment?

9. Suppose instead that the government decided to lower taxes to eliminate the output gap in question “6”. How much would taxes need to fall to achieve the goal of full-employment?

10. Which action (raising G or lowering T) has the largest effect on the federal budget deficit and the national debt?

11. Suppose the national debt equaled $6000 before the tax cut (refer to question “9”). What would be the value of the national debt after this policy action?