MAT 109 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Maxima And Minima

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25 Aug 2016

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Give a de nition to each of the terms listed in this section. When every x-value in its given domain is also in their respected x-values: f ( x) = f (x) and (x, y) ( x, y) 3 ways to tell even and odd functions. I (if and only if) the given graph is actually symmetric, but with respect to the y-axis. I (if and only if) the given graph is actually symmetric, but with respect to the origin. When it"s on an open interval, i, if, for any possible choice of both x1 and x2 in i when noting that x1 < x2, which therefore notes that f (x1) < f (x2). When it"s on an open interval, i, if, for any possible choice of both x1 and x2 in i when noting that x1 < x2, which therefore notes that f (x1) > f (x2).

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Using the lâhospitalâs rule so

Solve this one

Sketch using these guidelines

pul aill al thes information together to sketch graphs that reveal the important You might ask: Why don't we just use a graphing calculator or computer to graph a It's true that modern technology is capable of producing very accurate graphs. But K 21+1+2 features of functions curve? Why do we need to use calculus? even the best graphing devices have to be used intelligently. It is easy to arrive at a misleading graph, or to miss important details of a curve, when relying solely on tech- nology. (See "Graphing Calculators and Computers" at www.stewartcalcelus.com, espe 4 discover the most interesting aspects of graphs and in many cases to and minimum points and inflection points exocily instead of approximately cially Examples 1, 3.4, and 5. See also Section 4.6.) The use of calculus enables us to calculate maximum FIGURE 1 For instance, Figure I shows the gr aph of /(x)-è¨-21x, + 18x + 2.At first glance it seems reasonable: It has the same shape as cubic curves like y x and it appears to have no maximum or minimum point. But if you compute the derivative, you will see that there is a maximum when x-0.75 and a minimum when x 1. Indeed if we zoom in to this portion of the graph, we see that behavior exhibited in Pigure 2 Without calculus, we could easily have overlooked it. 6a, FIGURE 2 In the next section we will graph functions by using the interaction between calculus and graphing devices. In this section we draw graphs by first considering the foilowing information. We don't assume that you have a graphing device, but if you do have one you should use it as a check on your work. â Guidelines for Sketching a Curve every item is relevant to every function. (For instance, a to make a sketch that displays the most important aspects of the function. The following checklist is intended as a guide to sketching a curve y- f(x) by hand. Not given curve might not have an asymptote or possess symmetry.) But the guidelines provide all the information you need A. Domain It's often useful to start by determining the domain D of f, that is, the set B. Intercepts The y-intercept is f(o) and this tells us where the curve intersects the of values of x for which f(x) is defined y-axis. To find the x-intercepts, we set y-0and solve for xã(You can omit this step if the equation is difficult to solve.) ry (a) Even fusction: reflectional symmetry all x in D, that is, the equation of the curve is unchanged when x is replacea by -x, then f is an even function and the curve is symmetric about the y-axis. This means that our work is cut in half. If we know what the curve looks like for 0, then we need only reflect about the y-axis to obtain the com- plete curve [see Figure 3(a). Here are some examples: y-ey-ry x). and for all x in D, then f is an odd function and the curve is symmetric about the origin. Again we can obtain the complete curve if we know what it looks like for x0. [Rotate 180Â° about the origin; see Figure 3(b).] Some b) Oud function rotational symmetry FIGURE 3 simple examples of odd functions are y-xy-x'y - and y-sin

Q1. Determine, without graphing, whether the quadratic function f(x) = x2 + 2x - 6 has a maximum value or a minimum value and then find that value. a. minimum; -7 b. minimum; -1 c. maximum; -1 d. maximum; -7 Q2. Find (f - g)(4) when f(x) = 5x2 + 6 and g(x) = x + 2. a. 80 b. 88 c. 84 d. -90 Q3. The graph of a function is given. Decide whether it is even, odd, or neither. a. even b. odd c. neither Q4. Find the average rate of change for the function f(x) = -3x2 - x from the values 5 to 6. a. 1/2 b. -2 c. -34 d. -1/6 Q5. Find the vertex and axis of symmetry of the graph of the function f(x) = 3x2 + 36x. a. (-6, -108); x = -6 b. (-6, 0); x = -6 c. (6, -108); x =6 d. (6, 0); x = 6 Q6. The graph of a function is given. Decide whether it is even, odd, or neither. a. even b. odd c. neither Q7. Use the graph to find the intervals on which it is increasing, decreasing, or constant. a. Increasing on (-3, -2) and (2, 4); decreasing on (-1, 1); constant on (-2, -1) and (1, 2) b. Decreasing on (-3, -2) and (2, 4); increasing on (-1, 1); constant on (-2, -1) and (1, 2) c. Decreasing on (-3, -2) and (2, 4); increasing on (-1, 1) d. Decreasing on (-3, -1) and (1, 4); increasing on (-2, 1) Q8. Graph the function F(x) = -5. State whether it is increasing, decreasing, or constant. a. b. c. d. Q9. Determine algebraically whether f(x) = -2x3 is even, odd, or neither. a. even b. odd c. neither Q10. Find the average rate of change for the function f(x) = 3/(x - 2) from the values 4 to 7. a. 7 b. 1/3 c. -3/10 d. 2 Q11. For the graph of the function y = f(x), find the absolute maximum and the absolute minimum, if it exists. a. Absolute maximum: f(4) = 7; Absolute minimum: f(1) = 2 b. Absolute maximum: f(4) = 7; Absolute minimum: none c. Absolute maximum: none; Absolute minimum: none d. Absolute maximum: none; Absolute minimum: f(1) = 2 Q12. The graph of a function f is given. Find the numbers, if any, at which f has a local minimum. What are the local minima? a. f has a local minimum at x = -2; the local minimum is 0 b. f has a local minimum at x = 0; the local minimum is 3 c. f has a local minimum at x = -2 and 2; the local minimum is 0 d. f has no local minimum Q13. Graph the function h(x) = -2x + 3. State whether it is increasing, decreasing, or constant. a. b. c. d. Q14. Find -f(x) when f(x) = -2x2 + 5x + 2. a. 2x2 - 5x + 2 b. -2x2 - 5x - 2 c. -2x2 - 5x + 2 d. 2x2 - 5x - 2 Q15. Determine algebraically whether f(x) = 1/x2 is even, odd, or neither. a. even b. odd c. neither Q16. Match the graph to one of the listed functions. a. f(x) = x2 - 8 b. f(x) = -x2 - 8x c. f(x) = x2 - 8x d. f(x) = -x2 - 8 Q17. In a certain city, the cost of a taxi ride is computed as follows: There is a fixed charge of $2.90 as soon as you get in the taxi, to which a charge of $1.70 per mile is added. Find an equation that can be used to determine the cost, C(x), of an x-mile taxi ride. a. C(x) = 1.70 + 2.90x b. C(x) = 3.10x c. C(x) = 4.60x d. C(x) = 2.90 + 1.70x Q18. Graph the function f(x) = -x2 + 3 by starting with the graph of y = x2 and using transformations (shifting, compressing, stretching, and/or reflection). a. b. c. d. Q19. Graph the function f(x) = x2 + 8x + 7 using its vertex, axis of symmetry, and intercepts. a. b. c. d. Q20. Determine where the function f(x) = -x2 + 8x - 7 is increasing and where it is decreasing. a. increasing on (4, â) and decreasing on (-â, 4) b. increasing on (-â, 4) and decreasing on (4, â) c. increasing on (9, â) and decreasing on (-â, 9) d. increasing on (-â, 9) and decreasing on (9, â) Q21. Find the domain of the rational function f(x) = (x + 9)/(x2 - 4x). a. {x|x â -2, x â 2} b. {x|x â -2, x â 2, x â -9} c. all real numbers d. {x|x â 0, x â 4} Q22. For the polynomial f(x) = 4(x - 5)(x - 6)3, list each real zero and its multiplicity. Determine whether the graph crosses or touches the x-axis at each x-intercept. a. 5, multiplicity 1, touches x-axis; 6, multiplicity 3 b. -5, multiplicity 1, touches x-axis; -6, multiplicity 3 c. 5, multiplicity 1, crosses x-axis; 6, multiplicity 3, crosses x-axis d. -5, multiplicity 1, crosses x-axis; -6, multiplicity 3, crosses x-axis Q23. Find all zeros of the function f(x) = 2x4 + 3x3 + 16x2 + 27x - 18 and write the polynomial as a product of linear factors. a. f(x) = (2x - 1)(x + 2)(x + 3)(x - 3) b. f(x) = (2x + 1)(x - 2)(x + 3)(x - 3) c. f(x) = (2x - 1)(x + 2)(x + 3i)(x - 3i) d. f(x) = (2x + 1)(x - 2)(x + 3i)(x - 3i) Q24. For the polynomial f(x) = (1/5)x(x2 - 5), list each real zero and its multiplicity. Determine whether the graph crosses or touches the x-axis at each x-intercept. a. 0, multiplicity 1, touches x-axis; â5, multiplicity 1, touches x-axis; -â5, multiplicity 1, touches x-axis b. 0, multiplicity 1, crosses x-axis; â5, multiplicity 1, crosses x-axis; -â5, multiplicity 1, crosses x-axis c. â5, multiplicity 1, touches x-axis; -â5, multiplicity 1, touches x-axis d. 0, multiplicity 1 Q25. List the potential rational zeros of the polynomial function f(x) = x5 - 6x2 + 5x + 15. Do not find the zeros. a. Â± 1, Â± 1/5, Â± 1/3 Â± 1/15 b. Â± 1, Â± 5, Â± 3, Â± 15 c. Â± 1, Â± 5, Â± 3 d. Â± 1, Â± 1/5, Â± 1/3, Â± 1/15, Â± 5, Â± 3,Â± 15 Q26. The function f(x) = x4 - 5x2 - 36 has the zero -2i. Find the remaining zeros of the function. a. 2i, 6, -6 b. 2i, 3i, -3i c. 2i, 3, -3 d. 2i, 6i, -6i Q27. Use transformations of the graph of y = x4 to graph the function f(x) = 5x4. a. b. c. d. Q28. State whether the function f(x) = x(x - 9) is a polynomial function or not. If it is, give its degree. If it is not, tell why not. a. Yes; degree 2 b. No; it is a product c. Yes; degree 0 d. Yes; degree 1 Q29. Solve the inequality algebraically. Express the solution in interval notation. (x - 2)2(x + 9) < 0 a. (-â, -9) or (9, â) b. (-â, -9] c. (-â, -9) d. (-9, â) Q30. Use the Intermediate Value Theorem to determine whether the polynomial function f(x) = -4x4 - 9x2 + 4; has a zero in the interval [-1, 0]. a. f(-1) = -9 and f(0) = -4; no b. f(-1) = 9 and f(0) = 5; no c. f(-1) = 9 and f(0) = -4; yes d. f(-1) = -9 and f(0) = 4; yes Q31. Use the Factor Theorem to determine whether x + 5 is a factor of f(x) = 3x3 + 13x2 - 9x + 5. a. Yes b. No Q32. Find a bound on the real zeros of the polynomial function f(x) = x4 - 8x2 - 9. a. -17 and 17 b. -9 and 9 c. -18 and 18 d. -10 and 10 Q33. Find the x-intercepts of the graph of the function f(x) = (x - 3)(2x + 7)/(x2 + 9x - 8). a. (3, 0), (-7, 0) b. (-3, 0), (7/2, 0) c. (3, 0), (-7/2, 0) d. none Q34. Solve the inequality algebraically. Express the solution in interval notation. (9x - 5)/(x + 2) â¤ 8 a. (-2, 13] b. (-2, 21) c. (-2, 21] d. (-2, 13) Q35. A polynomial f(x) of degree 3 whose coefficients are real numbers has the zeros -4 and 4 - 5i. Find the remaining zeros of f. a. 4, -4 + 5i b. 4, 4 + 5i c. 4 + 5i d. -4 + 5i Q36. Find the intercepts of the function f(x) = x3 + 3x2 - 4x - 12. a. x-intercepts: -2, 2, 3; y-intercept: -12 b. x-intercepts: -3, -2, 2; y-intercept: -12 c. x-intercept: -3; y-intercept: -12 d. x-intercept: -2; y-intercept: -12 Q37. Find the real solutions of the equation 3x3 - x2 + 3x - 1 = 0. a. {-3, 1/3, -1} b. {1/3} c. {1/3, -1} d. {-3, -1/3, -1} Q38. Solve the inequality algebraically. Express the solution in interval notation. x3 â¥ 27 a. (-â, 3] b. (-â, -3] âª [3, â) c. [-3, 3] d. [3, â) Q39. Find the intercepts of the function f(x) = x2(x - 1)(x - 6). a. x-intercepts: 0, -1, -6; y-intercept: 0 b. x-intercepts: 0, 1, 6; y-intercept: 6 c. x-intercepts: 0, 1, 6; y-intercept: 0 d. x-intercepts: 0, -1, -6; y-intercept: 6 Q40. Find the domain of the rational function R(x) = (-3x2)/(x2 + 2x - 15). a. {x|x â 5, 3} b. {x|x â 5, -3} c. {x|x â - 15, 1} d. {x|x â -5, 3}

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MAT 109 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Maxima And Minima

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