CAS BI 114 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Edwin Chadwick, Diabetes Mellitus Type 1, Zoonosis
30 Apr 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
Human Infectious Diseases
Learning Objectives
•To Understand…
•The beneficial/harmful relationships humans have with microbes
•The basic biology of microbes and how we benefit/disarm/destroy them
•The role of microbial infection in human history/society/culture
•The historical/modern approaches to studying microbes and how they spread
•The context for understanding current infectious disease events
Microbes and Hosts
•Microbes (microorganisms) - small independent life forms
•Can be: bacteria/algae/protozoa/helminths (small worms)/viruses
•*A very small fraction of these groups are parasitic
•Have and will be around longer than humans
Bacteria are Everywhere
•50% of all organisms on earth live within and beneath the earth’s crust
•ex: in/on/under rocks, dirt, volcanoes
•Within humans, bacterial cells outnumber human cells in a 10:1 ratio
Microbes and Humans
•Microbes outnumber us but most have no threat to us
•Less than 1% can cause disease ~ 2000 known disease causing microbes
•Results in 10 billion new infections each year
•Pathogen - a biological agent that causes disease
•The microbes within us have a role in directing our behavior/immune responses/allergies/metabolism
•ex: yeast (fungus) —> bread, wine, cheese, beer
•Genetically engineered bacteria produce several clinical drugs
Infectious Diseases: Old & New
•Many infections are now relatively controlled (ex: Polio, Leprosy, Small Pox)
•Many infections are now reemerging (ex: Whopping Cough, Measles, Tuberculosis)
•Reemerging Disease -
•Many new infections are emerging/changing (ex: respiratory syndromes such as SARS/MERS, West
Nile/EEE, Ebola, Zika)
•60% of these emerging diseases are zoonotic
•Zoonotic Infections - infections acquired from animals
•Some diseases continue unabated (ex: HIV/AIDS, Malaria)
•Some old diseases are now being associated with infection (ex: Ulcers, Type 1 Diabetes,
Schizophrenia, Cancer)
History
•Infections were thought to be caused by miasma (bad air)
•After inhaling bad air, it was thought to have negative effects inside the body
•ex: mold/spoiled food/maggots were all thought to arise via the spontaneous generation
Dangers of Ignorance
•1849: Edwin Chadwick proposed London should clean up their sewers by emptying them into the
Thames River
•Thought: Sewers = London’s main source of bad smell and bad smell = disease
•Problem: Thames River = London’s main source of water supply
•Result: 15,000 Londoners died in a cholera epidemic that ensued
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Microbes and hosts: microbes (microorganisms) - small independent life forms, can be: bacteria/algae/protozoa/helminths (small worms)/viruses, *a very small fraction of these groups are parasitic, have and will be around longer than humans. Bacteria are everywhere: 50% of all organisms on earth live within and beneath the earth"s crust, ex: in/on/under rocks, dirt, volcanoes, within humans, bacterial cells outnumber human cells in a 10:1 ratio. Nile/eee, ebola, zika: 60% of these emerging diseases are zoonotic, zoonotic infections - infections acquired from animals, some diseases continue unabated (ex: hiv/aids, malaria, some old diseases are now being associated with infection (ex: ulcers, type 1 diabetes, History: infections were thought to be caused by miasma (bad air, after inhaling bad air, it was thought to have negative effects inside the body, ex: mold/spoiled food/maggots were all thought to arise via the spontaneous generation. Dangers of ignorance: 1849: edwin chadwick proposed london should clean up their sewers by emptying them into the.
