CAS IR 349 Lecture Notes - Lecture 14: Middle Eastern Theatre Of World War I, Cairo Conference (1921), Gertrude Bell
18 May 2018
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Middle Eastern Campaigns:
1917: Great mess
- Pan Arabism: Supporting the British effort will lead to the establishment of a
greater Arab state. They look at Arab as everything under the Fault line.
- This idea is encouraged by TE Lawrence to the Hashemite Royalty. Both of them
are very successful for getting praised by Allied films etc.
- Both are associated with the March to Jerusalem
- This was the time Gertrude Bell also got super involved. She was very familiar
with the area and therefore, is very successful in strategic plan for military.
- Military intelligence provided by her led to the march into Jerusalem by Prince
Faisal.
- But she was never made a part of the picture: This was because of sexism
because having a woman next to military may make them look weak. (no female
suffrage). However, marching together also meant they were all also targets,
Gertrude bell was irreplaceable
However, none of the 3 knew about Sykes Picot (1916)
- State of Armenia under Russia, Quwait under British etc.
- A year after this, the Balfour Declarations (1917) with Weizmann if Weizmann
uses his international influence to win the war.
- Gertrude Bell is informed of the Balfour Declaration in 1918. What does she say
about this?: She realized there was no place for a Jewish state. Because it will
destruct the regions fabric. She is ignored.
- The British were only focusing on winning the war
The Zionist Movement:
So why do Jews want a Jewish state in Arabic world.
It goes to the man called Theodor Herzl.
- He pushes for the idea of a national home
- 1896: The Jewish State (written by him)
- He wrote this due to Anti-Semitism. His argument was that French have France,
Germans have Germany. But Jews who are a part of Germany are’t see as
Germans, Italian Jews not as Italians.
- 1897: Protocols of the Elders of Zion
-5: Foge: Russia fist pulished it ad the afte eas sas it’s ot the
original.
- as a response, Jews want a Jewish state.
They look at Palestine, due to Historical links. If this area was opened for immigration, we would live there
as loyal citizens. We are educated and could help modernize it.
Mustafa Keal’s espose to this? – he is shortsighted and is concerned about introducing non-natives to
cultural lands.
Then Theoder Herzl approaches the British and asks for something- British then says we have Uganda.
Hoee, the Jes ee’t too happ ith it- e do’t elog thee.
Hasheite’s ad Zioists at Paris:
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
- Hashemites:
Faisal and Lawrence
- Zionists: Weizmann
- Both get to ko aout Bitish’s poise to oth.
- Compromise? – they try to work together.
The Cairo Conference 1921:
- Preparations for self-government (art.22)
- Bodes: The ealize the do’t ko ho to redraw the borders of the Middle
East. This is again where Gertrude Bell becomes important.
- Churchill and Lawrence: The main people associated with redrawing the map are
these two.
- Ethnic self-determination:
The new borders, do they seem like complex lines that are well thought of?
- That is the doside of haig Wisto Chuhill doig it. He did’t ko a geat
deal about Middle East
- Middle Easte ee’t ee ioled i the daig
- There was also anti-western sentiments that British used to say that e a’t
tust the eause the do’t tust us.
- Getude Bell as’t as ifluetial i the ap daig as ell.
Mandate Rule: Palestine
- Sir Herbert Samuel: High Commissioner
- Jewish Immigration: Arabs opposed
- Anti-Zionist Sentiments: Syria, Palestinian Arab Congress, Hedjaz Delegation.
He rules effectives and when he writes the constitution, he writes the Balfour Declaration in the
constitution in the Mandate of Palestine. Which is opposed by the Arabs.
But how do the Arabs protest to the league of nations? – Traditionally, only Europeans, state powers were
allowed in the League of Nations.
This leads to anti-Zionist activities in territory in and around Palestine: Syria sees regional organization to
curtail Jewish immigration into Palestine.
- Palestine Arab Congress: Cut back Jewish immigration
- Hedjaz: The lad of the Hasheite’s potestig agaist Jeish iigatio
How do these anti-Semitic feelings compare to that of Europe? Is there anything distinct about the
protests etc.
- Its two oppressed communities against each other instead of one dominant
against an oppressed. This affects the stability of the mandate of Palestine
because it provides Herbert Samuel a reason to stay. It also gets tension
between communities.
Revisions of the Mandate:
1936:
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Pan arabism: supporting the british effort will lead to the establishment of a greater arab state. They look at arab as everything under the fault line. This idea is encouraged by te lawrence to the hashemite royalty. Both of them are very successful for getting praised by allied films etc. Both are associated with the march to jerusalem. This was the time gertrude bell also got super involved. She was very familiar with the area and therefore, is very successful in strategic plan for military. Military intelligence provided by her led to the march into jerusalem by prince. But she was never made a part of the picture: this was because of sexism because having a woman next to military may make them look weak. (no female suffrage). However, marching together also meant they were all also targets, However, none of the 3 knew about sykes picot (1916) State of armenia under russia, quwait under british etc.
