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BIOL 211 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Chemical Polarity, Chemical Bond, Ionic Bonding

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roseporpoise607
30 Aug 2016
School
Chico State University
Department
Biological Sciences
Course
BIOL 211
Professor
Dr Edelmann

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Document Summary

Chemical compounds are formed by the joining of two or more atoms. A stable compound occurs when the total energy of the combination has lower energy than the separated atoms. The bound state implies a net attractive force between the atoms a chemical bond. The two extreme cases of chemical bonds are: Covalent bond: bond in which one or more pairs of valence electrons are shared by two atoms equally. Ionic bond: bond in which one or more electrons from one atom are removed and attached to another atom, resulting in positive and negative ions which attract each other. A(cid:374)othe(cid:396) t(cid:455)pe of (cid:862)(cid:271)o(cid:374)d(cid:863) is h(cid:455)d(cid:396)oge(cid:374) (cid:271)o(cid:374)di(cid:374)g. i(cid:374) che(cid:373) (cid:1005)(cid:1004)7, this is (cid:396)efe(cid:396)(cid:396)ed to as a(cid:374) i(cid:374)te(cid:396)(cid:373)ole(cid:272)ula(cid:396) interaction. Polar covalent bonds: co(cid:448)ale(cid:374)t (cid:271)o(cid:374)ds i(cid:374) (cid:449)hi(cid:272)h the sha(cid:396)i(cid:374)g of the ele(cid:272)t(cid:396)o(cid:374) pai(cid:396) is u(cid:374)e(cid:395)ual, (cid:449)ith the ele(cid:272)t(cid:396)o(cid:374)s spe(cid:374)di(cid:374)g (cid:373)o(cid:396)e ti(cid:373)e a(cid:396)ou(cid:374)d the (cid:373)o(cid:396)e (cid:374)o(cid:374)(cid:373)etalli(cid:272) ato(cid:373), a(cid:396)e (cid:272)alled pola(cid:396) (cid:272)o(cid:448)ale(cid:374)t (cid:271)o(cid:374)ds.

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Related Questions

Fill in the following chart with the appropriate subatomic particle and state whether each is located in the nucleus of the orbital

Particle

Charge

Location (Nucleus or Orbital)

Positive (+)

Negative (-)

Neutral Charge

Fill in the following chart using the lowercase letter of the statements below. Please be aware that some letters should be used more than once because they are true for more than one type of bond.

Covalent Bonds

Ionic Bonds

Hydrogen Bonds

Electrons are transferred from one atom to another atom

Valance electrons are shared between atoms

Involves positive and negative ions

A weak bond between 2 or more polar molecules

A bond between 2 or more atoms

The type of bond used to make NaCl (table salt)

The type of bond used to make CH4 (Methane)

What does it mean when a molecule is described as “polar?” Be detailed in your answer.

State and explain two reasons that water molecules are essential to life because of their hydrogen bonds.

Fill in the chart with the missing information about macromolecules

Macromolecule

Dietary source

Function

Example

Defining Characteristics

Carbohydrate

Cellulose and glucose

Lipid

Fats, Oils

Protein

Nucleic Acid

Sardines, beans, spinach

Made of nucleotides (contain a base, sugar and phosphate)

Circle the word of phrase that correctly completes the sentece or answers the question. The property that allows water molecule to be attracted to each other is called (cohesion, adhesion). This propert is conferred by (covalent bonds, hydrogen gonds). This property is conferred by ( covalent bond, hydrogen bond). Ice is ( more dense, less dense) than liquid water. Water is polar molecule because of the unequal sharing of( electrons, protons) between the atoms in H2O. Adhesion of water to a surface is through the action of (covalent bond, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds) between the water and the surace. Water is converted from liquid to vapor through the brakage of ( colvalent, hydrogen) bonds. Which (one) of these substance is not hydrophilic:( cellulose, oil, NaCl). Which of these will not dissolve in water, even though it is polar?(cellulose, oil, NaCl). Which of these is an electrolyte? (cellusose oil, NaCl). A buffer will contain a week acis , weak base, both).

Ionic bonds are formed when two opposite charged ions (formed when atoms lose or gain electrons) encounter each other. These bonds can be viewed as “extreme polar covalent bonds” as one atom is in total control of the other’s electron(s). Why are ionic bonds so much weaker when they are in water?

A. Ionic compounds such as salts are hydrophilic, so they prefer to form bonds with water molecules over other compounds.
B. Water molecules readily form covalent bonds to charged particles and, as these bonds are stronger than ionic bonds, the ionic bonds are pulled apart.
C. Water molecules shorten the size of covalent bonds and this weakens ionic interactions.
D. Water molecules readily donate electrons and nullify the positively charged ions.
E. Polar water molecules can physically interfere with the polar (positive/ negative) charged attraction between ions and thus the ionic bonds are disrupted and weakened.