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AG 105 Lecture Notes - Berlin Wall, Michael Oakeshott, Coherence Theory

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taupegnu628
9 Aug 2020
School
College of The Sequoias
Department
AG - Agriculture
Course
AG 105
Professor
Bond

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Document Summary

Readings philosophy of history by paul newall. Historiography (philosophy of history) is concerned with the concepts, methods and theories used in history. There are two branches of historiography: speculative, attempts to find a pattern behind historical events, historical events that are hidden form sight, until the historian discovers it, critical, not predisposed to biased, comparing various historical accounts. The philosophy of history brings to light the implicit assumptions that historians rely on and that have consequences for their account. Answer: historians might say that they work on significant issues from the past. For instance, a horse has four legs, hooves, a mane and so forth. However, there are two main difference between causes in history and science: Similar to science, some historians and philosophers believe that it is possible to find historical laws, which are supposedly similar to scientific laws. This is impossible: no one behaves exactly the same.

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Related Questions

Discussion: Assessing the Ears, Nose, and Throat Most ear, nose, and throat conditions that arise in non-critical care settings are minor in nature. However, subtle symptoms can sometimes escalate into life-threatening conditions that require prompt assessment and treatment. Nurses conducting assessments of the ears, nose, and throat must be able to identify the small differences between life-threatening conditions and benign ones. For instance, if a patient with a sore throat and a runny nose also has inflamed lymph nodes, the inflammation is probably due to the pathogen causing the sore throat rather than a case of throat cancer. With this knowledge and a sufficient patient health history, a nurse would not need to escalate the assessment to a biopsy or an MRI of the lymph nodes, but would probably perform a simple strep test. In this Discussion, you consider case studies of abnormal findings from patients in a clinical setting. You determine what history should be collected from the patients, what physical exams and diagnostic tests should be conducted, and formulate a differential diagnosis with several possible conditions. Note: By Day 1 of this week, your instructor will have assigned you to one of the following case studies to review for this Discussion. Also, your Discussion post should be in the SOAP Note format, rather than the traditional narrative style Discussion posting format. Refer to Chapter 2 of the Sullivan text and the Comprehensive SOAP Template in the Week 4 Learning Resources for guidance. Remember that not all comprehensive SOAP data are included in every patient case. Case 1: Nose Focused Examination Richard is a 50-year-old male with nasal congestion, sneezing, rhinorrhea, and postnasal drainage. Richard has struggled with an itchy nose, eyes, palate, and ears for 5 days. As you check his ears and throat for redness and inflammation, you notice him touch his fingers to the bridge of his nose to press and rub there. He says he's taken Mucinex OTC the past two nights to help him breathe while he sleeps. When you ask if the Mucinex has helped at all, he sneers slightly and gestures that the improvement is only minimal. Richard is alert and oriented. He has pale, boggy nasal mucosa with clear thin secretions and enlarged nasal turbinates, which obstruct airway flow but his lungs are clear. His tonsils are not enlarged but his throat is mildly erythematous. To prepare: Review this week's Learning Resources and consider the insights they provide. Consider what history would be necessary to collect from the patient. Consider what physical exams and diagnostic tests would be appropriate to gather more information about the patient's condition. How would the results be used to make a diagnosis? Identify at least 10 possible conditions that may be considered in a differential diagnosis for the patient. Note: Before you submit your initial post, replace the subject line (“Week 5 Discussion”) with “Review of Case Study ___,” identifying the number of the case study you were assigned. Post a description of the health history you would need to collect from the patient in the case study to which you were assigned. Explain what physical exams and diagnostic tests would be appropriate and how the results would be used to make a diagnosis. List five different possible conditions for the patient's differential diagnosis and justify why you selected each.

Question 1

Evolutionary algorithms are used:

In engineering, to arrive at solutions by going through many permutations of possible solutions and allowing them to evolve.
A genetic feature of complex organisms.
A process undergone by the human brain, which is similar to evolution by natural selection.
Another term used for a computer algorithm in general.

Question 2

Human literature and languages can be studied using methods similar to those used for constructing phylogenies because:

There is no other way of studying these things.
Languages evolve roughly along the lines of species, with mutations (changes in words and pronunciation), descent with modification (languages becoming more different along the way), and branching of languages (languages giving rise to other languages that are similar to them).
Because literature and languages are constructed by organisms (human beings), so what applies to one must apply to the other.
Languages undergo a process of word swapping, which is analogous to horizontal gene transfer.

Question 3

The degree to which horizontal gene transfer occurs in eukaryotes is:

Something upon which the entire validity of evolutionary biology hinges.
A mystery that may or may not disprove evolution, but we simply don't know enough about it at this point.
Something that would overthrow the notion that this phenomenon is important in bacteria.
An interesting and potentially important aspect of biology with relevance for how evolution occurs, but not something that would call it into question one way or the other.

Question 4

Learning about the history of scientific theories and the reasons for why they are initially accepted or rejected is important mostly because:

It makes for exciting story telling, and this is very much needed to get people interested in science.
It teaches us about the process of science as it actually occurs, which is somewhat different to the idealized notion of a purely objective undertaking.
It tells us which theories are definitely true or false.
It tells us that science is actually a totally subjective process that tries to present itself as objective. In reality, personal subjective factors are the only relevant factors that really matter in science.

Calculate the client's target heart rate using the Karvonen formula.

Training Program: Design a full 12-week periodized training program for the client described in the Client Profile. Be very specific as you design the training program. This is an opportunity for you to demonstrate your full comprehension of the information and concepts discussed throughout the course. List the types of exercise, duration, sets, reps, rest intervals, and so on.

Include the following in your case study submission:

A description of your professional responsibilities as discussed in the stages of the drawing-in process (Unit 12)


Discussion of any fitness tests, methods of evaluation, and data collection used to assess and evaluate the client's needs


Specific conditions that you have identified in the client profile


A fully detailed 12-week comprehensive and periodized training program including specific exercises, sets, repetitions, suggested rest times, etc. Use an integrated approach in your program recommendations.


Specific and detailed nutritional strategies and an explanation as to how the strategies will assist the client in meeting energy needs


Explanation for your chosen assessment, programming, and nutritional recommendations. (Be sure to reference course concepts when discussing rationale for your recommendations.


Keep in mind that a client should be able to take your program and put it into practice without having to contact you to clarify what you intended by your recommendations or to explain parts of your program.

Don't forget your explanation for WHY you listed and recommended what you did. Reference the concepts and theories covered in the course. Be sure to address why the program and exercises recommended are appropriate for the specific client given the client's history, current abilities, and intended goal(s). For example: if you are developing a program for a beginner client without any resistance training experience, explain how your program addresses the lack of experience, initial need for foundational development, process by which you would safely progress the client, etc. Tying your program to course concepts is a critical component of your case study.

Review the Client Profile below.

Client Profile: Peter Parker

Age: 28

Gender: Male

Resting Heart Rate: 80 bpm

Height: 6'4"

Weight: 252 lb

Body Fat Percentage: 29%

Background and Goals: Peter is a 28-year-old civil servant with a 9-to-5 desk job. He is 6'4" tall and weighs 252 lb. He played football and basketball in high school and some intramural sports in college, but has not worked out or been very active since. His diet is sporadic and consists of mostly processed and prepackaged foods that are quick and easy to prepare. Peter's goals are to lose weight, tone his body, and lead a healthier lifestyle. Based on Peter's current lifestyle and existing exercise and nutrition habits, design a 12-week progressive training program to help him best achieve his goals.