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CHEM 001 Lecture Notes - Lecture 10: Flatulence, Boiling Point, Anaerobic Digestion

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School
College of The Sequoias
Department
Chemistry (CHEM)
Course
CHEM 001
Professor
Rodriguez

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Document Summary

Hydrocarbons are formed when carbon atoms form covalent bonds. Methane is the molecule hydrogen forms with one carbon atom. Colorless, odorless gas under normal conditions of pressure and temperature. Freezing point is -182 c and its boiling point is -164. Concentration of methane in the atmosphere is about 2 ppm. Methane is naturally occurring and is produced by the anaerobic decomposition of living matter and when belching, flatulence or excretion occurs. Methane occurs in large amount underground as the main component of natural gas. Ethane has two carbons joined by a c-c bond. The composition of ethane is written: c^2h^6. Ethane is found as a minor component in natural gas. It has a higher melting point that methane and is usually removed. Alkane hydrocarbons have the general formula cnh2n+2. Every alkane can be represented by the formula: cnh2n+2. Propane is also a minor component in natural gas and is present in petroleum.

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Related Questions

Test 1-Multiple Choice: Choose and underline the best answer in each of the following statement/question.

_____1. Which of the following best differentiates an aldehyde from a ketone?

a. In aldehydes, carbon is bonded to a hydroxyl group.

b. In aldehydes, hydrogen is bonded to an oxygen group.

c. In aldehydes, hydrogen is bonded to a carbonyl group.

d. In aldehydes, oxygen is bonded to an oxygen group.

_____2. Which of statement is not true about petroleum and its products?

a. Petroleum is fossil fuel.

b. Petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbons with sulfur as impurity.

c. There is no harm that comes from the use of petroleum products.

d. Petroleum comes from decomposition of materials of living origin.

_____3. Cooking gas or liquefied petroleum gas(LPG) is a mixture of C3H8 and C4H10. Which are these compounds?

a. pentane and butane b. methane and butane

c. propane and butane d. propane and methane

_____4. Which of the following compounds ionizes in water and, thus conducts electricity poorly?

a. acetic acid b. hydrochloric acid c. distilled water d. sodium hydroxide

_____5. A lead storage cell can function both as an electrolytic cell and as a voltaic cell. When a lead storage battery is being recharged, it converts ________ energy to_____--energy

a. chemical : electrical b. chemical to heat c. electrical to mechanical

_____6. The acid electrolyte in a lead storage battery is

a. HCl b. H2SO4 c. HNO3 d. CH3COOH

____7. The anode and cathode in a dry cell respectively are

a. Zn and C b. C and Zn c. Pb and PbO2 d. PbO2 and Pb

____8. What is the proper name for the compound CH3CH2CH3?

a. ethane b. propane c.butane d. pentane

____9. Which of the following is the simplest hydrocarbon?

a. CH2 b. C2H4 c. CH3 d. CH4

____10. Hydrocarbons such as CH2 =CH2 are said t be

a. ionic b. aromatic c. saturated d. unsaturated

_____11. Which of the following best describes hydrocarbons?

a. flammable ionic compounds that are insoluble in water and are denser than water

b. flammable ionic compounds that are insoluble in water and are denser than water

c. flammable covalent compound that are insoluble in water and are less dense than water

d. flammable covalent compounds that are soluble in water and less dense than water

_____12. Which of the following will result if hexane and water are mixed?

a. an explosion

b. clear solution of hexane dissolved in water

c. a layer of hexane on top of a layer of water

d. a layer of water on top of a layer of hexane

_____13.Which of the following is not a gas?

a. ethene b. octane c. methane d. acetylene

_____14. Which of the following is another name for wood alcohol?

a. methanol b. propanol c. grain alcohol d. rubbing alcohol

_____15. Which of the following alcohols groups are found in beverages?

a. ethyl b. methyl c. denatured d. wood

_____16. Which of the following is the only element present in organic compounds?

a. hydrogen b. oxygen c. carbon d. nitrogen

_____17. Which of the following is chlorofluorocarbon?

a. C3F8 b. CHF3 c. CFCl3 d. CHCl3

_____18.What percent of alcohol is present in vodka which is 90 proof?

a. 9 b. 45 c. 90 d. 180

____20. Which of the following is formed when carbohydrates undergo fermentation process?

a. ethanol b. methanol c. glucose d. formaldehyde

_____21. In ethene, the two carbon atoms are joined by a

a.single bond b. double bond c. triple d. ionic

____22. The IUPAC name of CH3CH2CHCH2CH3 is

│

CH2CH3

a. 3-methylpentane b. 3-ethylpentane c. 2-ehtylpentane d. 2-methylpentane

____23. The IUPAC name of CH3-O-CH3 is

a. methoxymethane b. ethylether c. dimethylether d. dimethyloxide

____24. Which is an alcohol?

a. C6H6

b. CH3-C-CH3

│

O

c. CH3-O-CH3

d. CH3OH

____25. A group which both aldehydes and ketones have in common is

a.-C=O b. –OH c. –O- d. -COOH

___26. The aroma associated with this class of compounds is regarded as pleasant.

a. amides b. esters c. carboxylic acids d. ketones

____27. The IUPAC name of CH3CH2CHO is

a. propanone b. propanol c. propanal d. propionic acid

____28.The –COOH group is called

a. aldehyde group b. hydroxyl group c. carbonyl group d. carboxylic group

____29.The alkyl group of butane is

a. C2H3 b. C3H5 c.C4H7 d. C4H9

____30. The simplest alkene is

a. CH=CH b. CH2=CH3 c. CH2=CH2 d. CH3CH=CH2

Test 2. Answer the following questions completely.(3 points each)

1.Why are alcohols of lower molecular weight more soluble in water than those with higher molecular weights?

2. Which of the following pairs of compounds has

a. higher bolilng point:1-bromopentane or 1-chloropentane _____________________

b. the greater density: heptanes or octane ______________________
c. the higher boiling point :pentyl alcohol or pentylamine ______________________

d. the higher boiling point: hexylamine or dipropylamine ______________________

3. Explain why each of the following names are incorrect.Give the correct IUPAC name.

a. 3-Butanone

b. 1-Butanone

4. What is unique about carbon atom that makes it form numerous compounds?

5. Acetone or propanone is completely soluble in water,but 4-heptanone is completely insoluble.Explain.

Test 3.. Give the name and chemical formula of the functional group of each of the following organic groups. The first one has been done for you.

Organic Group

Functional chemicalfFormula

Functional group name

1.Alkanes

-C-C-

carbon carbon single bond

2.Alkenes

3.Alkynes

4.Alcohols

5. Aldehydes

6. Ketones

7. Thiols

8. Ethers

9.Carboxylic acids

10.Esters

11. Amines

12. Amides

DearChegg Lifesaver. Here are the requirements:

1.Use given values as stated in questions below.

2.Clearly State Answer

3.(Please) LEAVE A COMMENT if you are currently working on anyproblems.

4.Formany of these problems you will need to use tabulated thermodynamicdata. Use the Information provided after problem 17.



---------------------------------------Questions---------------------------------------------------



1.Write a balanced formation equation for HNO3 at standardconditions. For the answer, enter the sum all of the coefficientsin the balanced equation. (If thisis not an integer, enter it as a decimal, not a fraction.)


2.Calculate ?H° for the following reaction:

SiO2(s)+ 4HF(g) ? SiF4(g) + 2H2O(g)


3.Use heat of formation data to determine ?H° for the reaction:

2NH3(g)? N2(g) + 3H2(g)


4.Calculate the mass of methane that must be burned to provide enoughheat to convert 330.0 g of water at 37.0°C into steam at 124.0°C.(Assume that the H2Oproduced in the combustion reaction is steam rather than liquidwater.)


5.Acetylene burns in air according to the following equation:

C2H2(g)+ 5/2 O2(g) ? 2 CO2(g) + H2O(g)

with?H° = -1255.8 kJ.

Giventhat ?Hf° for CO2(g) = -393.5 kJ/mol and ?Hf° for H2O(g) is -241.8kJ/mol, what is ?Hf° for C2H2(g)?






6.Given the following data:

HNO3(l)? 1/2N2(g) + 3/2O2(g) + 1/2H2(g) ?H° = 174.1 kJ

2N2O5(g)? 2N2(g) + 5O2(g) ?H° = -28.4 kJ

H2O(l)? H2(g) + 1/2O2(g) ?H° = 285.8 kJ


Calculate?H° for the reaction:

2HNO3(l)? N2O5(g) + H2O(l)

Notethat you should be able to answer this one without needing to useany additional information from the thermo table.


7.Hydrocarbons containing halogens are very useful molecules insynthetic chemistry. Use tabulated thermodynamic data as needed tocalculate ?Hf° for the reactionproduct in the equation shown below if ?H° for the reaction is-177.66 kJ.

C2H4(g)+ Cl2(g) ? CH2ClCH2Cl(g)



8.Identify the following statements as true or false. (Use thedrop-down menu and select "True" or "False" for each. You must getall 6 correct.)

Allsystems become more disordered spontaneously.

Both?Ssys and ?Ssurr must equal zero at equilibrium.

Theentropy of the universe is constant; the energy of the universedecreases towards a minimum.

Allspontaneous processes release heat.

Ifa reaction is spontaneous, the reverse reaction is non-spontaneous.

Ifa process decreases the randomness of the particles of a system,the entropy of the system increases.


9.Use tabulated thermodynamic data to calculate ?S° for the reaction:

PbO2(s)+ 2Ni(s) ? Pb(s) + 2NiO(s)



10.Calculate ?S° for the combustion of ethane (C2H6) to form carbondioxide and gaseous water.



11.Urea ((NH2)2CO) can be formed from ammonia and carbon dioxide asshown in the following reaction. The ?H° value for this synthesisis -134.0 kJ. Calculatethe ?H°f for urea.

2NH3(g)+ CO2(g) ? (NH2)2CO(s) + H2O(l)


12.The ?S° value for urea the synthesis reaction above is -424.0 J/K.Calculate S° for urea.

Tries0/99


13.Calculate ?G° for the synthesis of urea under standard conditions(298 K and 1 atm).

Tries0/99


14.Compute the standard free energy change for the following reaction.

O3(g)+ NO(g) ? NO2(g) + O2(g)

Tries0/99


15.The most important commercial process for generating hydrogen gasis the water-gas shift reaction:

CH4(g)+ H2O(g) ? CO(g) + 3H2(g)

Usetabulated thermodynamic data to find ?G° for this reaction at thestandard temperature of 25°C.


16.Now calculate ?G°1100 for this process when it occurs at 1100 K.


17.The molar enthalpy of fusion (?H°) of fluorine is 0.260 kJ/mol, andthe molar entropy of fusion (?S°) of fluorine is 4.851 J/mol K.Using this information,estimate the freezing point of fluorine. (You must answer inKelvin.)