EBIO 1220 Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Pilipili, Mutation Rate, Prokaryote

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blueant723

30 Jan 2017

School

CU-Boulder

Department

Ecology & Evolutionary Biology

Course

EBIO 1220

Professor

Melbourne

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Document Summary

Prokaryote biomass is 10x larger than eukaryotic biomass. Your mouth contains more prokaryotes than the number of people who have ever lived. Human bodies have more prokaryotic cells than human cells. Before nucleus , unlike eukaryotes which have a true nucleus. Why are prokaryotes so successful: exponential population growth, binary fission (asexual, 1 to 3 hours, mutation rate, endospores (resistant stages, survive for centuries, conjugation (bacterial sex , plasmids (conjugation, important for gene transfer. What characteristic would you not expect to find associated with prokaryotes: chromosome, mitochondria, plasmids, pili, conjugation. Oldest known fossils of organisms are . 5 billion years old and resemble prokaryotes that exist today. Prokaryotes dominated life 3. 5 - 2. 0 billion years ago. Accumulation of atmospheric oxygen: extinction event (anaerobic bacteria, glaciation event. Dna sequences are more similar to eukaryotes than bacteria. Can live in places most organisms cannot. This allows us to stain and see them with certain dyes.

Related Questions

21) Which of the following is not primarily used for attachment?

A. glycocalyx

B. flagella

C. pili

D. fimbria

E. S layer

30) You have isolated DNA from an E. coli bacteria. The DNA would originate from what structures? (CIRCLE ALL THAT APPLY)

A. inner plasma membrane

B. mitochondria

C. microcompartments

D. nucleus

E. plasmids

31) Many cellular reactions require multiple enzymes. For efficiency, bacteria will package these enzymes together within:

A. fimbria

B. inclusion bodies

C. lysosomes

D. microcompartments

E. vesicles

32) Why can archaea be considered a separate domain from bacteria?

(CIRCLE ALL THAT APPLY)

A. Archaea ribosomal structure and protein synthesis are similar to eukaryotes.

B. They exhibit a novel method of DNA compaction.

C. Like eukaryotes, they contain simple, membrane-bound organelles.

D. Their cell walls are composed of different substances than bacterial or eukaryotic cell walls.

E. They contain a circular chromosome.

33) How are eukaryotic flagella different from bacterial flagella?

A. They are much bigger in size.

B. They move in a whip-like fashion, as opposed to a circular fashion.

C. They are covered by the plasma membrane.

D. A & B only

E. all of the above

36) The primary function of of the rough endoplasmic reticulum is:

A. aerobic respiration

B. the breakdown of phagocytized material

C. assembly of ribosomal subunits

D. polysaccharide and lipid modification of proteins

E. protein synthesis of membrane-bound and secreted proteins

1.This week, you will be conducting Gram stains of bacteria.Which of the following statements are true? (Mark all thatapply)

		Gram-negative bacteria do not stain purple because they do nottake-up crystal violet or iodine
		The peptidoglycan in the walls of Gram-positive bacteria bindsto the crystal violet stain more easily than walls of Gram-negativebacteria do
		Gram-positive bacteria have cell walls with a thickerpeptidoglycan layer than walls of Gram-negative bacteria
		Gram-negative bacteria do not stain purple, because their cellwall structure allows purple-colored iodine-dye complexes to washout of the cells more easily than the cell wall structure ofGram-positive bacteria does
		Gram-negative bacteria have an outer membrane (outside thepeptidoglycan layer in their wall) that Gram-positive bacterialack

What evidence is used to inform our understanding ofrelationships among species? (mark all that apply)

		Biochemical similarities between existing species
		Fossils
		Morphological similarities between existing species (presence ofhair, backbones, etc.)
		DNA sequences and molecular clocks

For each of the groups of organisms below, indicate whether theybelong in (A.) Archaea, (B.) Bacteria, or (C.) Eukarya

- A. B. C.	Methanogens (prokaryotes that produce methane)
- A. B. C.	Gram-positive bacteria
- A. B. C.	Fungi
- A. B. C.	Animals
- A. B. C.	Cyanobacteria
- A. B. C.	Green algae
- A. B. C.	Red algae
- A. B. C.	Amoebas
- A. B. C.	Thermophiles (prokaryotes of hydrothermal vents)
- A. B. C.	Plants
- A. B. C.	Free-living relatives of mitochondria
- A. B. C.	Single-celled organisms with a circular strand of DNA, without anuclear envelope and without peptidoglycan in their cell walls

Select all true statements about the relative diversity ofdifferent groups of organisms from among the followingstatements:

		There are more species of plants on Earth than species ofmolluscs
		There are more plant species on Earth than mammal species
		There are more species of plants on Earth than species offungi
		There are more species of fungi on Earth than mammal species
		There are more species of plants on Earth than species ofarthropods
		There are more flatworm species on Earth than mammal species

beigegerbil183

17. What is citizen science? a) Science projects in which scientists study citizen b) Science project in which citizens are trained to become scientists in the future c) Science projects in which the public participates by collecting data, analyzing data, or participating as subjects d) Science projects in which scientists study the nature of being a good citizen

18. When considering the evolutionary tree of life and the three domains of life, which statement best describes what likely happened over the course of millions of years of evolution? Choose one:

A. Bacterial and eukaryotic cells are more closely related to each other than to archaeans, as evidenced by the fact that bacteria and eukaryotes do not inhabit the most extreme environments.
B. Although their cell structures are very different, archaean and eukaryotic cells are more closely related to each other than to bacteria, as evidenced by the fact that Bacteria was the first domain to split from the shared ancestor of Archaea and Eukarya.

C. Bacteria and archaeans are more closely related to each other than to eukaryotes, as evidenced by their cell structures. Bacteria and archaeans are prokaryotic, while all eukaryotic cells contain mitochondria and other membrane-bound organelles.
D. The three domains of life are equally divergent from one another, so no two domains are more closely related to each other. This is supported by the evolutionary tree of life because three branches extend from one node millions of years ago.

EBIO 1220 Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Pilipili, Mutation Rate, Prokaryote

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