BIOLOGY 3 Lecture Notes - Lecture 13: Scientific Method, Macroevolution, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

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amaranthmammoth871

6 Dec 2020

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Biological populations: groups of individuals of the same species that are subdivided from other populations by geography and are somewhat independent of other groups. Biological evolution: a change in the characteristics of a biological population that occurs over the course of generations. Changes due only to short-term changes are no evolutionary. Some populations have become resistant to the pesticide pethmethrin. Over time, populations of lice evolved to become less susceptible to the effects of these chemicals is a result of change in their genes. Evolution of resistance can occur rapidly; individual head lice did not. Evolve or change populations as a whole changed from one in which most lice were susceptible to the pesticide to one in which most lice were resistant to it. Differences in resistance to permithrin among individuals is the population resulted from genetic variation. Change in the characteristics of the population took many generations.

Related Questions

1. What is the difference between the different patternsof selection: directional, stabilizing, anddiversifying?

2. How do bacteria acquire genetic variation and how doesthat differ from the mechanism by which humans acquirevariation?

3. What were the key observations made by Darwin todevelop the basic tenants of the theory of evolution? Has thistheory been tested?

4. What are the most common misconceptions about evolutionand why are they not valid arguments against evolution?

5. The key component of the theory of evolution is naturalselection. Define this process. Why is it commonly known asâsurvival of the fittestâ? What are examples of factors (selectivepressures) that drive evolution of populations?

6. What is the indirect evidence of evolution? What arehomologous and analogous structures? What is convergent evolution?How does similarity of proteins between different species supportthe idea of evolution?

7. Be able to explain why the following statement is true:Natural Selection works on individuals while evolution works onpopulations over generations. Or to put it another way: Individualsdo not evolve, populations do.

8. How can evolution explain the formation of complexstructures such as the eye or the flagella motor?

9. What causes variation in a species? To put this anotherway: all humans have the same genes, yet we do not look alike. Whatis the reason fro the phenotypic differences between individuals ofthe same species? What is genetic recombination?

10. What are the dangers of small populations of a speciesfrom a genetic and evolutionary standpoint? What is the bottleneckeffect?

11. How does speciation occur? What is the importance ofgeographic isolation? How is this illustrated in theGalapagos?

12. What is Darwinian Medicine and how does it help usbetter understand medical conditions?

carminegnu677

1/ What is the difference between the different patterns ofselection: directional, stabilizing, anddiversifying?

2/ How do bacteria acquire genetic variation and how does thatdiffer from the mechanism by which humans acquire variation?

3/ What were the key observations made by Darwin to develop thebasic tenants of the theory of evolution? Has thistheory been tested?

4/ What are the most common misconceptionsabout evolution and why are they not valid arguments againstevolution?

5/ The key component of the theory of evolution isnatural selection. Define this process. Why is itcommonly known as âsurvival of the fittestâ? What are examples offactors (selective pressures) that drive evolutionof populations?

6/ What is the indirect evidence of evolution? What arehomologous and analogousstructures? What is convergent evolution?How does similarity of proteins between different species supportthe idea of evolution?

7/ Be able to explain why the following statement is true:Natural Selection works on individuals while evolution works onpopulations over generations. Or to put it another way: Individualsdo not evolve, populations do.

8/ How can evolution explain theformation of complex structures such as the eye or the flagellamotor?

9/ What causes variation in a species? To putthis another way: all humans have the same genes, yet we do notlook alike. What is the reason for the phenotypicdifferences between individuals of the same species? What isgenetic recombination?

10/ What are the dangers of small populations of a species froma genetic and evolutionary standpoint? What is thebottleneck effect?

11. How does speciation occur? What is theimportance of geographic isolation? How is thisillustrated in the Galapagos?

12. What is Darwinian Medicine and how does ithelp us better understand medical conditions?

copperhornet769

Q1. What are alleles?Different forms of the same gene.Different genes.The different characteristics of an organism.Genes found only in humans.Q2. If you add up the frequency of homozygotes + the frequency of heterozygotes for one gene (i.e. at one locus) in a population, what number do you get?Q3. People who are heterozygous for the sickle-cell allele:Are susceptible to malaria but not sickle-cell anemia.Are susceptible to sickle-cell anemia but not malaria.Are not susceptible to either sickle-cell anemia or malaria.Are susceptible to both sickle-cecell anemia and malaria.Q4. In the case study in this lab, which genotype is represented by "2pq" in the Hardy-Weinberg equation?Homozygous HbAHomozygous HbSHeterozygous HbA/HbSNo specific genotypeQ5. Suppose that, in an isolated village, the proportion of individuals that have sickle-cell anemia is 0.1 (or 1 of every 10 people). What proportion of the population should be sickle-cell carriers, according to Hardy-Weinberg expectations?Q6. When you simulated the elimination of malaria at the beginning of the lab, once the allele frequencies stabilized, what was the frequency of the HbA allele?Q7. When you investigated regional differences, what was the frequency (over many generations) of the HbS allele in the village in the "slightly wet" part of Africa?Q8. What is the number of deaths due to sickle-cell anemia in a region without mosquitoes expected to be?Very lowVery highModerateRelated to the frequency of malaria allelesQ9. As long as there are multiple alleles of a gene in a population, why will the frequencies of the alleles always change over time?Because natural selection changes all allele frequencies in populations over time.Because genetic drift causes random fluctuations of allele frequencies in populations.Because diseases will eliminate some of the alleles, generating fluctuations in their frequencies.Because allele frequencies fluctuate before the alleles eventually become fixed.Q10. Imagine a huge population with a gene that has ten functionally equivalent, neutral alleles. A small but genetically representative group of individuals from the big population is transported to an island, forming a small population. Which of the statements below best describes what will likely happen over time, and why?Because natural selection doesn't act on neutral alleles, the frequencies in the two populations should remain the same over time.Genetic drift will cause one allele to first become fixed in the island population, and later to become fixed in the original, large population.Genetic drift will result in the allele frequencies of the two populations diverging over time, with alleles being lost sooner in the island population.The allele frequencies of the two populations will change similarly due to a combination of genetic drift natural selection.

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BIOLOGY 3 Lecture Notes - Lecture 13: Scientific Method, Macroevolution, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

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