BIOL 121 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Ileocecal Valve, Brush Border, Cell Membrane

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19 Nov 2020

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Also called brush border because of their appearance under a microscope. Function of them is to increase the surface area of the plasma membrane so that more nutrients can be absorbed. Part of the digestion of some particular macromolecules is achieved by the presence of these on the plasma membrane of microvilli. Brush border enzymes and what they digest: lactase- Cleaves lactose into glucose and galactose lactose is glucose + galactose. Turn disaccharides into monosaccharides, which is what your body can absorb: sucrase- Cleaves sucrose into glucose and fructose sucrose is glucose + fructose: maltase- Cleaves maltose to make 2 glucose maltose is glucose + glucose: aminopeptidase- Break down proteins, want to break down amino acids one at a time from end of protein chain: dipeptidase- Cuts 2 amino acids that are stuck together into separate amino acids. Main function is to finish process of absorption. Nutrients absorbed here are generally not those that were absorbed in the small intestine.

Related Questions

1. Which three are all monosaccharides? A. fructose, galactose, lactose B. maltose, sucrose, lactose C. glucose, fructose, sucrose D. glucose, fructose, galactose

2. What is the relative amount of carbohydrate digestion that takes place in the mouth, the stomach and the small intestine? A. Mouth: a little Stomach: none Small intestine: most B. Mouth: none Stomach: a little Small intestine: most C. Mouth: most Stomach: a little Small intestine: none D. Mouth: none Stomach: most Small intestine: a little

3. Many adults are lactose intolerant. What causes this? A. Lactose provokes an autoimmune response that irritates their intestinal lining. B. They break down and absorb lactose, thereby depriving the bacteria in the colon of lactose as an energy source. C. They can't break down and absorb lactose, so the bacteria in their colon digest the lactose instead. D. Lactose binds to the cells of their intestinal wall, blocking the absorption of other nutrients.

4. Compared with animal fats, in general, vegetable oils contain a higher proportion of A. unsaturated fatty acids. B. cholesterol. C. trans-fatty acids. D. saturated fatty acids.

5. Trans fatty acids are found in A. all plant fats/oils. B. all fats/oils. C. all animal fats. D. hydrogenated oils.

6. Cholesterol made in the liver travels to body cells in A. Micelles B. High density lipoproteins (HDLs) C. Low density lipoproteins (LDLs) D. Chylomicrons

ochreworm549

Please help me answer this multiple choice questions: (please answer all questions)

No explantion needed just the answer needed.

physiology and neurobiology questions below.

31. Systemic arterioles dilate in response to _____.

A. Increased CO2 levels in the tissue

B. Decreased O2 levels in the tissue

C. Decreased pH in the tissues

D. All of the above

32. Blood in the pulmonary arteries ______

A. Contains hemoglobin which is about 98.5% saturated with oxygen

B. Has a PO2 of about 40 mmHg

C. Both of the above

D. Neither of the above

33. Completion of first meiotic division of oogenesis yields.

A. One secondary oocyte

B. Four primary oocyte

C. Four mature ova (egg cells)

D. Four secondary oocytes

34. The final absorbable products of chemical digestion occurring in the brush border of the small

intestine include:

A. Monosaccharides and amino acids

B. Proteins and chylomicrons

C. Disaccharides and amino acids

D. Monosaccharides and disaccharides

35. The hemoglobin oxygen curve saturation curve plots ____ on the dependent (Y) axis and ____

on the independent (X) axis.

A. Oxygen concentration; hemoglobin concentration

B. % oxygen saturation of hemoglobin; PO2 of blood

C. % oxygen saturation of hemoglobin; PCO2 of blood

D. Hemoglobin concentration; oxygen concentration

36. In contrast to the female hypothalamic pituitary-sex steroid axis, control of the male axis is

aimed at ____.

A. Allowing spermatogenesis to occur just once a month

B. Keeping levels of pituitary gonadotropins relatively constant in blood

C. Keeping levels of hypothalamic releasing hormones higher than usual in blood

D. Causing a positive feedback effect of sex steroid up on gonadotropins

37. Which of the following will correct acidosis?

A. Speed up the proton pump

B. Buffering of protons with phosphate in the tubular lumen

C. Renal metabolism of glutamine

D. All of the above

38. Epithelium with a brush border (microvilli) is characteristics of the mucosa found in

A. Duodenum

B. Proximal Tubule

C. Both of the above

D. Neither of the above

39. The transport maximum (Tm) for glucose, addition filtered glucose

A. Is no longer filtered

B. Appears in urine

C. Is secreted

D. Is reabsorbed

40. Stroke volume is equal to ____.

A. End-diastolic volume alone

B. End-diastolic volume plus end-systolic volume

C. Cardiac output minus heart rate

D. End-diastolic volume minus end-systolic volume

41. The long term solution to a change in blood pH involves

A. Digestive System

B. Respiratory System

C. Buffers such as hemoglobin

D. Renal System

42. The left heart receives blood from ___ and pumps blood out through the ____.

A. Superior vena cava; pulmonary trunk

B. Pulmonary veins, pulmonary trunk

C. Pulmonary veins; aorta

D. Pulmonary arteries; aorta

43. Selection and activation of specific B lymphocytes may lead to all EXCEPT_____.

A. Formation of memory cells

B. Secretions of antibodies

C. Activation of complements to destroy tagged antigen

D. Secretion of perforin

44. Bile is stored and released into the duodenum from the

A. Liver

B. Pancreas

C. Gall Bladder

D. Duodenum

45. Beta oxidation of fatty acids yields _____,which then can be further oxidized to produces ATP.

A. Glycogen

B. Amino acids

C. Keto acids

D. Acetyl CoA

46. The relationship between the loop of Henle and the vasa recta capillaries function.

A. Absorption of glucose, amino acids and creatinine

B. Countercurrent exchange

C. Countercurrent multiplication

D. All of the above

47. Anterior pituitary production of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) is decreased by

A. Testosterone from Sertoli cells

B. Inhibin from Sertoli cells

C. Inhibin from interstitial (Leydig) cells

D. Luteinizing Hormone (LH) from granulosa cells

48. A response to acidosis would involve

A. Slowing down the proton pump

B. Greatly increased excretion of HCO3- (bicarbonate ions)

C. Both of the above

D. Neither of the above

49. The conversion of spermatid to spermatozoa occurs

A. By differentiation process in the seminiferous tubule

B. In epididymis

C. By meiosis, in the seminiferous tubule

D. In the prostate gland

50. Antibody-mediated immunity defends against ____.

A. Virus infected cells

B. Viruses and bacteria in the blood or body fluids

C. Bacteria only

D. Viruses only

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BIOL 121 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Ileocecal Valve, Brush Border, Cell Membrane

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