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JUST 301 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Convention Relating To The Status Of Refugees, Seeking Refuge, Well-Founded Relation

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coffeewalrus91
23 Mar 2019
School
JMU
Department
Justice Studies
Course
JUST 301
Professor
Daniel Beers

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Document Summary

Mafraq had a population of 120,000 people, but with the arrival of syrian refugees the population doubled in the span of just a few months. People in urban areas are different than those in camps. Assumption that most refugees live in camps as opposed to urban areas = mismatch between perception and reality. Long term displacement -- displacement as a result of conflict or persecution is long term, not short term. Average refugee displacement is 10 years, and after a person has been a refuge for 5 years, the average duration of displacement is 21 years. The reason for this is that wars within states tend to last longer than wars between them. False assumption that most refugees are in western countries. The top 10 refugee-hosting countries account for only 2. 5% of global income; they are poor or at best middle-income countries.

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Related Questions

Case Study

Skolnikland is in Eastern Africa, with a population of 30 million people. The country has a plains region, a hill region, and a region with high mountains. It has a number of ecosystems. The plains are dry for much of the year, there is some rainforest, and the rest of the country includes both hills and mountains. There are two seasons of heavy rainfall.

The citizens come from several ethnic groups that tend to live in their own regions and speak different languages. The ethnic groups largely follow one of three different religions. The large cities are mixed ethnically. One ethnic group is economically and socially very dominant. The people from this group live in the capital and most of the large cities. The national language is the language of this dominant ethnic group.

According to World Bank criteria, Skolnikland is among the poorest countries in the world. The economy has been growing at about 4% per year on average over the last decade, but the economy had very slow economic growth in the decades prior to that. The richest 10% of the population controls 80% of the national income.

About 80% of the people live in rural areas and 20% in urban areas. The number of people living in urban areas has been growing recently at an increasing pace. Most people earn their livelihood in agriculture but there is an increasing garment manufacturing industry in the two largest cities. There are also a number of mining industries. In addition, other export industries are beginning to grow, mostly focused on the export of commodities to China.

The total fertility rate is about 4.5 but it has been declining slowly over the last two decades, from over 6. There is an almost equal number of men and women in the population. Infant mortality is about 90 per 1,000 live births. Maternal mortality is about 500 per 100,000 live births. Thirty-five percent of the children are underweight for age.

The adult literacy rate is about 40%. The educational enrollment rate, especially for girls at the primary and secondary levels, has been growing slowly, but steadily. Most recently, this rate has been growing at an increasing pace and about 75% of the girls now attend school regularly, although many of them are of very low quality.

Only about 50% of citizens have access to safe water. Only about 30% have access to sanitary disposal of human waste.

HIV prevalence is 7% of the adult population. The number of new HIV cases annually has begun to plateau. About half of the people eligible for treatment for HIV are on treatment. Malaria is rampant in the plains.

Investments in the road system have been growing at a solid pace in the last decade and the use of private automobiles has begun recently to increase more rapidly.

Skolnikland has a pluralistic health system that is made up of public and private institutions, publicly financed providers, licensed private providers, unlicensed medical practitioners, and traditional healers. There is no health insurance, except for some free services for the poor in the few publicly financed hospitals, which the better off people do not attend. The health system is not very effective or efficient and is generally of low quality. The HIV, TB, and malaria programs are not effective or efficient and they are just beginning to adopt paradigms for services that follow global best practices.

QUESTION 26

What is a DALY?

Refer Case Study from question 1 to answer this question.

A. An indicator that compares the burden of deaths across the population of different countries.

B. A composite health gap indicator that measures the amount of health and disability-free life that is lost because of disease, injury, and premature death.

C. A WHO indicator used to summarize the expected number of years to be lived in good health.

QUESTION 27

What is an example of a conditional cash transfer that you can use to improve child health?

Refer Case Study from question 1 to answer this question.

A. Provide tax breaks to families with children.

B. Give money to mothers whose children received a full course of vaccination.

C. Pay higher fees to vaccination programs with better outcomes.

QUESTION 28

What usually takes place during the demographic transition?

Refer Case Study from question 1 to answer this question.

A. Fertility falls before mortality falls

B. Mortality falls and then fertility falls

C. Mortality and fertility fall at the same time

QUESTION 29

Which force is likely to have the greatest direct impact on epidemiological change in the medium and long terms on today's middle-income countries?

Refer Case Study from question 1 to answer this question.

A. Population growth

B. Population aging

C. Urbanization

QUESTION 30

Which is the most accurate statement about the distribution of age at death in Niger (a very low income country) and Norway (a very high income country) today?

Refer Case Study from question 1 to answer this question.

A. About 5% of the deaths in Niger are among those under 15, while the overwhelming majority of deaths in Norway are among those over 65.

B. About 30% of the deaths in Niger are among those under 15, while the overwhelming majority of deaths in Norway are among those over 65.

C. The overwhelming majority of deaths in both countries occur among people aged 65 and over.

Case Study

Skolnikland is in Eastern Africa, with a population of 30 million people. The country has a plains region, a hill region, and a region with high mountains. It has a number of ecosystems. The plains are dry for much of the year, there is some rainforest, and the rest of the country includes both hills and mountains. There are two seasons of heavy rainfall.

The citizens come from several ethnic groups that tend to live in their own regions and speak different languages. The ethnic groups largely follow one of three different religions. The large cities are mixed ethnically. One ethnic group is economically and socially very dominant. The people from this group live in the capital and most of the large cities. The national language is the language of this dominant ethnic group.

According to World Bank criteria, Skolnikland is among the poorest countries in the world. The economy has been growing at about 4% per year on average over the last decade, but the economy had very slow economic growth in the decades prior to that. The richest 10% of the population controls 80% of the national income.

About 80% of the people live in rural areas and 20% in urban areas. The number of people living in urban areas has been growing recently at an increasing pace. Most people earn their livelihood in agriculture but there is an increasing garment manufacturing industry in the two largest cities. There are also a number of mining industries. In addition, other export industries are beginning to grow, mostly focused on the export of commodities to China.

The total fertility rate is about 4.5 but it has been declining slowly over the last two decades, from over 6. There is an almost equal number of men and women in the population. Infant mortality is about 90 per 1,000 live births. Maternal mortality is about 500 per 100,000 live births. Thirty-five percent of the children are underweight for age.

The adult literacy rate is about 40%. The educational enrollment rate, especially for girls at the primary and secondary levels, has been growing slowly, but steadily. Most recently, this rate has been growing at an increasing pace and about 75% of the girls now attend school regularly, although many of them are of very low quality.

Only about 50% of citizens have access to safe water. Only about 30% have access to sanitary disposal of human waste.

HIV prevalence is 7% of the adult population. The number of new HIV cases annually has begun to plateau. About half of the people eligible for treatment for HIV are on treatment. Malaria is rampant in the plains.

Investments in the road system have been growing at a solid pace in the last decade and the use of private automobiles has begun recently to increase more rapidly.

Skolnikland has a pluralistic health system that is made up of public and private institutions, publicly financed providers, licensed private providers, unlicensed medical practitioners, and traditional healers. There is no health insurance, except for some free services for the poor in the few publicly financed hospitals, which the better off people do not attend. The health system is not very effective or efficient and is generally of low quality. The HIV, TB, and malaria programs are not effective or efficient and they are just beginning to adopt paradigms for services that follow global best practices.

QUESTION 26

What is a DALY?

Refer Case Study from question 1 to answer this question.

A. An indicator that compares the burden of deaths across the population of different countries.

B. A composite health gap indicator that measures the amount of health and disability-free life that is lost because of disease, injury, and premature death.

C. A WHO indicator used to summarize the expected number of years to be lived in good health.

QUESTION 27

What is an example of a conditional cash transfer that you can use to improve child health?

Refer Case Study from question 1 to answer this question.

A. Provide tax breaks to families with children.

B. Give money to mothers whose children received a full course of vaccination.

C. Pay higher fees to vaccination programs with better outcomes.

QUESTION 28

What usually takes place during the demographic transition?

Refer Case Study from question 1 to answer this question.

A. Fertility falls before mortality falls

B. Mortality falls and then fertility falls

C. Mortality and fertility fall at the same time

QUESTION 29

Which force is likely to have the greatest direct impact on epidemiological change in the medium and long terms on today's middle-income countries?

Refer Case Study from question 1 to answer this question.

A. Population growth

B. Population aging

C. Urbanization

QUESTION 30

Which is the most accurate statement about the distribution of age at death in Niger (a very low income country) and Norway (a very high income country) today?

Refer Case Study from question 1 to answer this question.

A. About 5% of the deaths in Niger are among those under 15, while the overwhelming majority of deaths in Norway are among those over 65.

B. About 30% of the deaths in Niger are among those under 15, while the overwhelming majority of deaths in Norway are among those over 65.

C. The overwhelming majority of deaths in both countries occur among people aged 65 and over.

Topic:
How would you explain the finding that people in high-income economies seem happier than people in low-income economies, but, over time, people in high-income economies do not seem to be any happier even if their country grows richer? Briefly discuss.

Optional Reading:

Income and Happiness

The Declaration of Independence in 1776 identified “certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness.” This did not guarantee happiness but did establish the pursuit of happiness as an “unalienable” right, meaning that right cannot be taken away, given away, or sold. Eighteenth century philosopher and social reformer Jeremy Bentham argued that government policy should promote the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people.

Many people today apparently agree. In recent polls, 77 percent of Australians and 81 percent of Brits believed that a government's prime objective should be promoting the greatest happiness rather than the greatest wealth. The United Nations in 2007 sponsored an international conference on “Happiness and Public Policy.” Thailand now compiles a monthly Gross Domestic Happiness Index. Even China has joined in the fun reporting a happiness index based on polling results about living conditions, income, the environment, social welfare, and employment. Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom are also developing happiness indexes.

Economists have long shied away from asking people how they feel, preferring instead to observe their behavior. But more now see some value in asking questions. In the most extensive of polls, the Gallup organization asked people in 130 countries: “How satisfied are you with your life, on a scale of zero to ten?” The results, reported in 2007, are not surprising. Most people in the high income areas, such as the United States, Europe, and Japan, said they are happy. Most people in the poor areas, especially in Africa, said they are not. Also, within a given country, income and happiness are positively related. After evaluating all the results of the Gallup world poll, Angus Deaton of Princeton concluded: “The very strong international relationship between per capita GDP and life satisfaction suggests that, on average, people have a good idea of how income, or the lack of it, affects their lives.” 8

So these results are no surprise. What does puzzle economists is that other surveys suggest that in affluent countries people do not seem any happier over time even though each generation became richer than the last. For example, in the United States, the proportion of people who say they are happy has stayed about the same despite 60 years of economic growth. In Japan, happiness responses actually declined despite a substantial increase in real income over the last 50 years.

Here are two possible explanations. First, people begin taking for granted those luxuries they most desired. For example, two generations ago color TVs, automobiles, and major appliances were luxuries, but now they are must-items for most households. Computers and flat screen HDTVs will soon move from luxuries to necessities. As each generation attains a higher standard of living, people become less sensitive to the benefits, they take them for granted, and thus they say they are no happier.

Second, research suggests that what matters is not just the absolute level of income but income relative other people in the reference group. Imagine you have a choice between (1) earning $50,000 a year while others in your reference group make $25,000 or (2) earning $100,000 a year while others make $250,000 (suppose, too, that prices remain the same, so $100,000 is double the real income of $50,000). Which would you prefer? Studies show that when people face this hypothetical choice, most pick the $50,000 option. That is, they prefer to make more than others even if that means a lower real income. Thus, if all incomes rise on average over time, this does not affect that aspect of happiness linked to one’s relative standing. As the social critic H. L. Mencken long ago observed, "A wealthy man is one who earns $100 a year more than his wife's sister's husband."

SOURCES: Daniel Gilbert, Stumbling On Happiness, (New York: Knopf, 2006); Marina Kamenev, “Rating Countries for the Happiness Factor,” Business Week, 11 October 2006; Angus Deaton, “Income, Aging, Health, and Wellbeing Around the World: Evidence from the Gallup World Poll,” Princeton Working Paper, (August 2007); and “Where Money Seems to Talk,” Economist, 12 July 200