CO SCI 136 Lecture Notes - Lecture 15: Renal Cell Carcinoma, Squamous Metaplasia, Aniline
Document Summary
The most frequent malignant tumour of the urinary tract. >90% of cancers of the urinary bladder are urothelial (transitional cell) carcinoma. 80% confined to bladder mucosa; only ~20% penetrate muscle ( mortality 50% at 5yrs) Most prevalent in men during the sixth and seventh decades. Squamous cell carcinoma (5-7%): malignant proliferation of squamous cells, usually involving the bladder: risk factors include chronic cystitis (older woman), schistosoma haematobium infection (egyptian male), and long-standing nephrolithiasis. Adenocarcinoma (1%): malignant proliferation of glands, usually involving bladder. Squamous cell carcinoma: arises in a background of squamous metaplasia (normal bladder surface is not lined by squamous epithelium) Adenocarcinoma: arises from a urachal remnant (tumour develops at the dome of the bladder), cystitis glandularis, or exstrophy (congenital failure to form the caudal portion of the anterior abdominal and bladder walls) Lymphatic to iliac and para-aortic nodes. Exposure to chemical carcinogens e. g. diabetes mellitus, type 2. Diets rich in meat and fat aromatic amines, aniline dye.
