BIOL 1002 Lecture Notes - Lecture 35: Renal Artery, Renal Pelvis, Active Transport

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emeraldmole717

23 Jun 2016

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Regulate the composition of the blood and extracellular fluid. Help control the osmolarity in cells and in their extracellular environment. A second function of urinary systems is excretion, or the removal of unwanted substances from the body: urinary systems produce urine, which contains the waste products of cellular metabolism. This system helps maintain homeostasis in several ways, by: Regulating blood levels of ions such as sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium. Regulating the water content of the blood. Retaining important nutrients such as glucose and amino acids in the blood. Eliminating cellular waste products such as urea. Secreting substances that help regulate blood pressure and blood oxygen levels. Nitrogenous wastes are formed when amino acids are broken down from cells, and enter the blood as ammonia (nh3), which is toxic. The livers of humans and other mammals convert ammonia into urea, which is less toxic. Urea is filtered from the blood by the kidneys and then excreted in the urine.

Related Questions

1. Kidneys help to maintain a proper balance of _________ within the body.

Phosphorous

Chloride

Potassium

Calcium Phosphate

ions

All of the above

2. The nervous system has how many major categories?

3. Which major category of the nervous system contains both the Somatic and the Autonomic divisions?

Central Nervous System

Peripheral Nervous System

Neither of these

Both of these

4. Which organ or structure helps to control the master endocrine gland (pituitary gland)?

The pancreas

The thorax

Peyerâs patches

The hypothalamus

6. This tiny gland is located at the base of the brain and produces the hormone melanin.

Parathyroid

Pituitary

Hypothalamus

Pineal

7. These glands are situated right above the kidneys. The hormones produced by these glands help us to cope with stress.

Thyroid

Parathyroid

Hypothalamus

Adrenals

8. The hormones necessary for the production of sperm are produced in the __________.

Kidneys

Testes

Ovaries

None of the above

9. The bloodstream assists the endocrine organs and structures by:

Removing hormones from the body

Delivering hormones to target cells

Delivering hormones to secretory cells

The bloodstream does not come into contact with endocrine structures or organs
10. The pancreas _____________.

Is a master gland that controls many other glands

Produces progesterone and oestrogen

Is a salivary gland

Regulates blood sugar, aid in digestion

11. The basic function of the endocrine system is ________ in nature.

Digestive

Reproductive

Hormonal

Proximal

13. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are experienced by many people during their lifetimes. Urinary tract infections can involve any bacterial infection of the urinary system structures; the kidneys, bladder, ureters, or urethra. They are caused by bacteria entering the body through the urethra and traveling upward into the body. Symptoms can range from mild discomfort when urinating to extreme pain and the loss of blood during urination. They occur more frequently in women than men, and are often treated by antibiotics in addition to home remedies, such as drinking more water and drinking cranberry juice.

Based on what you have learned about the cause of urinary tract infections, which of the following precautions would help to prevent reoccurring infections?

Taking pain medication when symptoms occur

Placing a hot pack on the abdomen when symptoms occur

Practicing good hygiene Exercising regularly

14. The nervous system is divided into two major divisions: the Central Nervous System and the Peripheral Nervous System. Those divisions have structures that can be classified as belonging to two different subdivisions: the Somatic and the Autonomic systems. The nervous system can be summarized as a complex system of interconnected nerves and special cells called neurons that are used to transmit information (by means of small electrical impulses). Use the information in the table below to help answer questions about the nervous system. Division Organs & Structures Functions Central Nervous System (CNS) Brain Spinal Cord Nerves This is the bodyâs assessment and communication center. It analyzes the information received from the sensory neurons and responds. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Sensory Neurons Ganglia (clusters of neurons) Nerves that connect to one another and to the CNS The sensory neurons react to physical stimuli such as light, sound, heat, and pressure, and transmit that information to the CNS. Subdivisions Description Examples Somatic The Somatic system is comprised of nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord to the muscles of the body and sensory receptors in the skin. Reactions to physical stimuli like heat or light. Using your hand to touch Eating food Autonomic The Autonomic system largely involuntary. This system controls the unconscious functions of the body. Breathing Blood Pressure

Feeling overwhelmed or startled by exposure to very loud noises is likely a reaction to information collected by which subdivision of the nervous system:

Somatic

Autonomic

No answer text provided.

15. The thyroid gland is perhaps the most well-known member of the pancreatic system. Many adults are screened for thyroid problems during routine physical exams. This butterfly shaped gland is found at the base of the neck and releases hormones that affect the bodyâs metabolism (the way the body uses energy). The thyroidâs two main hormones are T3 and T4, and they affect many body functions, including: â¢ Breathing â¢ Heart rate â¢ Central and peripheral nervous systems â¢ Body weight â¢ Muscle strength â¢ Menstrual cycles â¢ Body temperature â¢ Cholesterol levels Two common disorders associated with the thyroid include hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Some of the symptoms associated with these disorders are listed in the table below. Hyperthyroidism (Too many hormones released) Hypothyroidism (Too few hormones released) Anxiety Irritability or moodiness Nervousness, hyperactivity Sweating or sensitivity to high temperatures Hand trembling (shaking) Hair loss Missed or light menstrual periods Trouble sleeping Tiredness and fatigue Difficulty concentrating Dry skin and hair Depression Sensitivity to cold temperature Frequent, heavy periods Joint and muscle pain A patient complains of arthritis-like pain in the joints of her hands, but tests for arthritis come back negative. The doctor then suggests a thyroid function test. The doctor is most likely concerned about:

High levels of T3 and T4 hormones in the body

Low levels of T3 and T4 hormones in the body

No answer text provided.

No answer text provided

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10. The organs associated with the Alimentary Canal share which similarity/similarities? They all belong to the lymphatic system They all belong to the gastrointestinal system Food does not pass directly through them during the process of digestion Food does pass directly through them during the process of digestion Both B and D \

11. Of the five basic functions of the digestive system, which one occurs first? Excretion Absorption Ingestion Peristalsis Digestion

12. The elimination of indigestible material from the body is called _______________. Peristalsis Absorption Defecation Ingestion

13. The pancreas helps to regulate metabolism and blood sugar levels through the release of insulin. Insulin tells the liver to stop sugar production to keep levels regulated within the blood stream. If a personâs pancreas does not function properly, they have a condition called diabetes, a metabolic disease that often requires monitoring of oneâs diet. People with Type 1 Diabetes have a pancreas with damaged islet cells, meaning no insulin is produced. People with Type 2 Diabetes have a pancreas that produces insulin properly, but their cells are resistant to this insulin due to various factors that often include but are not limited to obesity, lack of exercise, or poor diet choices. Certain foods, specifically starches and sugars, affect diabetics in different ways. Type 1 diabetics must limit their consumption of sugars in order to keep their blood sugar levels stable. Type 1 diabetics often achieve regulation of blood sugars through injections of insulin. Type 2 diabetics must still pay attention to their diets, but not all of them are dependent on manual injections of insulin. Because Type 2 Diabetes is often brought on through a poor diet, Type 2 diabetics are advised to monitor their food choices to prevent weight gain and achieve a more balanced diet overall. Approximately 90% of Americans with diabetes have Type 2. Which are contributing factors to developing Type 1 Diabetes? Poor liver function Poor pancreatic function Sedentary lifestyle All of the above

14. There are five activities that occur within the gastrointestinal system: â¢ Ingestion â the taking in of food or drink â¢ Peristalsis â the movement of food along the digestive tract â¢ Digestion â the breakdown of food and drink by both mechanical and chemical mechanisms â¢ Absorption â the passage of food into the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems â¢ Defecation â the elimination of substances the body canât use Many digestive disorders and diseases can be tied to an activity within the gastrointestinal system. For example, inflammation of the digestive tract, commonly known as inflammatory bowel disease, is an example of a gastrointestinal activity breakdown. An inflamed digestive tract means digestion is painful and hindered in some way, affecting the rest of the gastrointestinal activities coming after it. An inability to break down lactose, or âlactose intolerance,â is another example of a breakdown that can occur within the gastrointestinal system. Another example of a breakdown in gastrointestinal activities is an eating disorder, where food is either withheld or ingested at a fast rate. Some disorders include the elimination of food through vomit, in essence reversing some of the activities of the gastrointestinal system. A final example of a breakdown in gastrointestinal activities is constipation, which can often lead to further problems such as bowel impaction if not corrected immediately. A balanced diet is recommended to keep the gastrointestinal system functioning properly, and many over the counter medications can help to correct some breakdowns if caught early enough. Foodborne illness, or food poisoning, happens when spoiled or contaminated food is consumed. A common symptom of food poisoning is vomiting. Though microbes can move from the stomach and into the intestines after vomiting occurs, the food itself gets thrown up, stopping its travel through the gastrointestinal system. During which activity is the food thrown up? Peristalsis Absorption Ingestion Digestion

15. The skin is a vital organ that covers the entire outside of the body, forming a protective barrier against pathogens and injuries from the environment. The skin is the body's largest organ; covering the entire outside of the body, it is about 2 mm thick and weighs approximately six pounds. It shields the body against heat, light, injury, and infection. The skin also helps regulate body temperature, gathers sensory information from the environment, stores water, fat, and vitamin D, and plays a role in the immune system protecting us from disease. The color, thickness and texture of skin vary over the body. There are two general types of skin; thin and hairy, which is more prevalent on the body, and thick and hairless, which is found on parts of the body that are used heavily and endure a large amount of friction, like the palms of the hands or the soles of the feet. Basically, the skin is comprised of two layers that cover a third fatty layer. These three layers differ in function, thickness, and strength. The outer layer is called the epidermis; it is a tough protective layer that contains the melanin-producing melanocytes. The second layer (located under the epidermis) is called the dermis; it contains nerve endings, sweat glands, oil glands, and hair follicles. Under these two skin layers is a fatty layer of subcutaneous tissue, known as the subcutis or hypodermis. The skin contains many specialized cells and structures: â¢ Basket Cells: Basket cells surround the base of hair follicles and can sense pressure. They are evaluated when assessing overall nerve health and condition. â¢ Blood Vessels: Blood vessels carry nutrients and oxygen-rich blood to the cells that make up the layers of skin and carry away waste products. â¢ Hair Erector Muscle (Arrector Pili Muscle): The arrector pili muscle is a tiny muscle connected to each hair follicle and the skin. When it contracts it causes the hair to stand erect, and a "goosebump" forms on the skin. â¢ Hair Follicle: The hair follicle is a tube-shaped sheath that surrounds the part of the hair that is under the skin and nourishes the hair. It is located in the epidermis and the dermis. â¢ Hair Shaft: The hair shaft is the part of the hair that is above the skin. â¢ Langerhans Cells: These cells attach themselves to antigens that invade damaged skin and alert the immune system to their presence. â¢ Melanocyte: A melanocyte is a cell that produces melanin, and is located in the basal layer of the epidermis. â¢ Merkel Cells: Merkel cells are tactile cells of neuroectodermal origin located in the basal layer of the epidermis. â¢ Pacinian Corpuscle: A pacinian corpuscle is a nerve receptor located in the subcutaneous fatty tissue that responds to pressure and vibration. â¢ Sebaceous Gland: Sebaceous glands are small, sack-shaped glands which release an oily substance onto the hair follicle that coats and protects the hair shaft from becoming brittle. These glands are located in the dermis. â¢ Sensory Nerves: The epidermis is innervated with sensory nerves. These nerves sense and transmit heat, pain, and other noxious sensations. When they are not functioning properly sensations such as numbness, pins-and-needles, pain, tingling, or burning may be felt. When evaluating a skin biopsy, total number, contiguity, diameter, branching, swelling, and overall health of the sensory nerves are assessed. â¢ Stratum Corneum: The stratum corneum is outermost layer of the epidermis, and is comprised of dead skin cells. It protects the living cells beneath it by providing a tough barrier between the environment and the lower layers of the skin. The stratum corneum is useful for diagnosis because in some conditions it will become thinner than normal. â¢ Sweat Gland (Sudoriferous Gland): These glands are located in the epidermis and produce moisture (sweat) that is secreted through tiny ducts onto the surface of the skin (stratum corneum). When sweat evaporates, skin temperature is lowered. If you use a product to moisturize your hair, which part of the integumentary system are you targeting? Hair follicle Hair shaft Blood vessels Melanocyte

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BIOL 1002 Lecture Notes - Lecture 35: Renal Artery, Renal Pelvis, Active Transport

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