PSY 101 Lecture Notes - Lecture 14: Major Depressive Episode, Major Depressive Disorder, Psychomotor Agitation

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NOVEMBER 4 - PSY 101 - WEEK 10

● Moods and emotion

○ Emotions tend to be physiological responses to external stimuli

○ Emotions can then influence moods, which are a psychological state

○ Moods are somewhat stable in the short term, but can

● Mood disorders

○ Mood disorders are a class of psychological disorders that describe extended

periods of certain moods

○ These include negative moods, but also include extended display of some moods

that may be considered positive in other situations

○ Again, all of us will feel these types of moods over the course of our lives, the

difference between this and a disorder is a detrimental impact on the individual’s

quality of life

○ Feeling some of these feelings after emotional events is perfectly common

● Depressive disorders

○ Depressive disorders are a class of disorders marked by depressed emotion and

mood

○ Vary in intensity and length

● Major depressive episodes

○ A major depressive episode is a set of symptoms that cause distress and

disruption to an individual’s life for a period of at least 2 weeks

○ These symptoms generally relate to feeling down or depressed

○ Can also include anhedonia, the loss of interest or enjoyment of objects and

experiences that are typically enjoyed by that individual.

● Major depressive episodes: diagnostic criteria

○ Individuals must display 5 or more of the following symptoms

■ Depressed mood

■ Diminished interest

■ Significant weight loss or gain

■ Insomnia or hypersomnia

■ Psychomotor agitation or psychomotor retardation

■ Fatigue or loss of energy

■ Feeling worthless

■ Diminished ability to concentrate, indecisiveness

■ Recurrent thoughts of death, suicidal thoughts

● Major depressive disorder

○ Major depressive disorder is a disorder that describes one or more major

depressive episodes

○ In order for a diagnosis of major depressive disorder, these major depressive

episodes must present without a history of manic or hypomanic episodes

○ Major depressive disorder is not uncommon, and around 1 in 6 of individuals will

meet the criteria for it during their lifetime

● Persistent depressive disorder

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○ PDD is the presentation of symptoms for at least two years, without any gaps in

symptoms longer than 2 months

■ Poor appetite or overeating

■ Insomnia

■ Low energy

■ Low self esteem

■ Poor concentration

■ Feelings of hopelessness

● Depressive disorders: causes

○ To some degree, major depressive disorders have some genetic components

○ Environmental stressors are also major factor

■ Relationship, economic hardship, early childhood

○ Pessimistic attributional style is also related to depressive disorder

■ Internal, global, stable attributions

■ These are complex disorders, and there’s no one thing that we can point

to as a factor in all cases

● Depressive disorders Treatments; therapies

○ Behavioral therapy focuses on increasing the frequency and positive experience

of positive events

○ Cognitive therapy focuses on helping patients and change distorted automatic

thoughts and assumptions

○ CBT focuses on helping the patient understand and adequately address the

thoughts, behaviors, and emotions underlying larger depressive events

○ Interpersonal therapy focuses on improving interpersonal relationships building

● Depressive disorders treatments ; Biological

○ Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOs) inhibit monoamine oxidase, which itself

is linked to the deactivation of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin

○ Tricyclics block the reuptake of these neurotransmitters, increasing their

availability

○ Selective serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs/SNRIs) also

block the reuptake of these chemicals, but do so with fewer side effects than

earlier medications

○ In general, the more specifically focused a drug, the more likely it is to work

without side effects

● Bipolar disorders

○ Bipolar disorders are characterized by manic or hypomanic episode

○ Manic and hypomanic episodes are psychological episodes marked by

disinhibition and euphoria

○ These are the 2 main symptoms generally associated with these disorders

○ BPD 1 is marked by a single or recurrent manic episodes without depressive

episodes

○ BPD 2 is marked by a single of recurrent hypomanic episode, with depressive

episodes

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Document Summary

November 4 - psy 101 - week 10. Emotions tend to be physiological responses to external stimuli. Emotions can then influence moods, which are a psychological state. Moods are somewhat stable in the short term, but can. Mood disorders are a class of psychological disorders that describe extended periods of certain moods. These include negative moods, but also include extended display of some moods that may be considered positive in other situations. Again, all of us will feel these types of moods over the course of our lives, the difference between this and a disorder is a detrimental impact on the individual"s quality of life. Feeling some of these feelings after emotional events is perfectly common. Depressive disorders are a class of disorders marked by depressed emotion and mood. A major depressive episode is a set of symptoms that cause distress and disruption to an individual"s life for a period of at least 2 weeks.

PSY 101 Lecture Notes - Lecture 14: Major Depressive Episode, Major Depressive Disorder, Psychomotor Agitation

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