CCJ 220 Lecture Notes - Lecture 14: Pepper Spray, Comminution, The Takeaway
1 May 2018
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4.26.18
CCJ 220 – Lecture 14
Ch. 9 – Patrol operations
3 cornerstones of traditional police work
1) Random Routine Patrol
2) Rapid Response to Citizen Calls to 9-1-1
3) Retroactive Investigation of Past Crimes by Detectives
Patrol is considered the backbone/foundation of policing and police departments;
according to Sir Robert Peel, “The most important and visible part of police work to the
public.”
Peel’s Major innovation and contribution to society
• The idea of continuous police presence throughout a community that is organized and
delivered by means of regular patrol over a fixed beat by uniformed officers. Patrol is the
essence of policing.
Patrol and the most visible arm of the CJ System
• Considered the Gatekeepers to the system
Omnipresence – O. w. Wilson
• The impression of always being there
Patrol and/or Omnipresence designed to create the “impression” that eliminates the
opportunity or belief of successful misconduct or crime
Expectations
• Of the Department
• Of the Citizens
• Obligations required by law
Leadership competencies in law enforcement
• Self-awareness
• Identity Development
• Cultural Competency
• Contextual Literacy
• Civic Engagement
• Community Building
• Work-Life Balance
• Critical Engagement
• Applied Ethics
• Professional Excellence
Mental preparedness
• Role Play Scenarios
Equipment for Patrol
• Service Weapon – (G27, G22, G43, 1911, AR-15)
• Baton – (Expandable, PR22, Side Handle)
• Pepper Spray – O.C.
• Flashlight – (Multiple)
• Body Armor (Level II or Level III)
• Restraint Devices – Handcuffs
• Transportation – Car, Bike, Foot, Motor, etc.
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Mental Preparedness
• Attitude
• Command Presence
• Internal Factors
• Big Picture
• Stay Relaxed, but Aware
General Officer Safety
• Be aware.
• Look for clues to determine a person’s background.
• Use back up .
• When making an arrest take control.
Protection of Life is Primary
Protection of Property is Secondary
Patrol
• Definition – The act of traveling a specific area for the purpose of observing illegal acts,
maintaining order, protecting property and life, and apprehending offenders.
• Types of patrol
o Random
o Circular
o Double Back
Kansas city study; random routine patrol, otherwise known as preventive patrol involves an
officer driving around an area or beat when he or she is not on an assignment from the radio or
supervisor
• Creates the omnipresence and deters crime because a criminal will not change
comminuting a crime if a police officer might just be around the corner
o This was thought to be an ability for police officers to catch criminals in the act of
committing crimes.
o This study was the first attempt to test the effectiveness of random routine patrol
during 1972 and 1973 study conducted experiment (controversial and influential)
• Findings after reactive and proactive beats showed “decreasing or increasing routing
preventive patrol within the range tested in the experiment had no effect on crime, citizen
fear of crime, community attitudes towards police on the delivery of police service,
police response time or traffic accidents.”
• “In effect the study failed to demonstrate that adding or taking away police patrols from
an area made any difference within the community.”
o Kansas City study
o More police = less crime. Less police = more crime
o Takeaway was that our 3 cornerstones of policing might not be the most effective
way to police
Officer Safety
• Approach
o The approach may be as critical as the response.
o Try to remain undetected until you are ready to make contact.
Officers Never Stand In Front Of Doors And Windows
911 and response times
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find more resources at oneclass.com
• Rapid response to citizens calls to 911 has traditionally been thought of a way in which
the police could catch criminals while they were in the act of committing the crimes or as
they were in the act of escaping
Scenario of bank robbery
• Teller calls 9-1-1 to report a bank robbery that just occurred. Police immediately respond
to the location of the bank
• 3L16 10-33 3L16 prepare to copy, 3L16 a 311T just occurred from the Bank of America
located at 123 N. Main Street. 3L16 your primary, 10-12 TO BRAVO, all other units
BULLSEYE
o Diagram bullseye and officer responsibilities; first on scene
Liability
• Responding to 9-1-1 calls, pose a significant risk to officers and the public
• Risk posed by running code 3 (lights and sirens)
• Break intersections
• Must get there safely
• Best ability is availability
Police Response times
• 1973 National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and goals
recommended, “Urban area response times…under normal conditions should not exceed
3 minutes for emergency calls and 20 minutes for non-emergency calls.”
• Further they stated “when time is cut to 2 minutes, it can have a dramatic effect on
crime.”
• Further studies were carried out and found there are 3 basic components that need to be
considered:
o The time between when the crime occurs and the moment the victim or witness
calls the police
o The time required for the police to process the calls (intake from 9-1-1 call to
dispatch to assigned police officer)
o Travel time from the time the patrol car receives the dispatcher’s call until it
arrives at the scene.
“Victims often delay reporting”
• Reasons victims delay reporting or do not report at all
o Victims physically prevented (tied up, bound, no access to phone)
o Temporarily disoriented, frightened, ashamed or apathetic
o Victims may first call family, friends, insurance companies, parents
o Later studies showed the average citizen delay in calling police for serious crimes
was 5 to 10 minutes
Gay, schell and schack divide patrol into 4 basic functional categories
• CALLS FO SERVICE – Responding to citizens’ call to 911 relative to emergencies other
problems accounts for 25% of patrol time.
• PREVENTATIVE PATROL – Driving through a community in an attempt to provide
omnipresence accounts for 40% of patrol time.
• OFFICER-INITIATED ACTIVITES – Stopping motorists or pedestrians and questioning
them about them activities account for 15% of patrol time.
• ADMINISTRATIVE TASKS – Paperwork accounts for 20% of patrol time.
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
3 cornerstones of traditional police work: random routine patrol, rapid response to citizen calls to 9-1-1, retroactive investigation of past crimes by detectives. Patrol is considered the backbone/foundation of policing and police departments; according to sir robert peel, the most important and visible part of police work to the public. Peel"s major innovation and contribution to society: the idea of continuous police presence throughout a community that is organized and delivered by means of regular patrol over a fixed beat by uniformed officers. Patrol and the most visible arm of the cj system: considered the gatekeepers to the system. Omnipresence o. w. wilson: the impression of always being there. Patrol and/or omnipresence designed to create the impression that eliminates the opportunity or belief of successful misconduct or crime. Expectations: of the department, of the citizens, obligations required by law. Identity development: cultural competency, contextual literacy, civic engagement, community building, work-life balance, critical engagement, applied ethics, professional excellence.
