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BIOL 2600 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Arthralgia, Necrosis, Pyoderma

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yellowcattle191
20 May 2017
School
NSU
Department
Biology
Course
BIOL 2600
Professor
Harkas

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Document Summary

Surgical puncture to remove fluid for diagnostic purposes or to remove excess fluid (suffix) The process of producing a picture or record (suffix) Bleeding, sudden or severe (less often used suffix) Surgical suturing to close a wound, including the use of sutures, staples, or surgical glue (suffix) Flow or discharge of most bodily fluids (suffix) The surgical puncture of the abdominal cavity to remove fluid. The process of producing a radiographic study of the blood vessels after the injection of a contrast medium to make the blood vessels visible. Abnormal softening of the walls of an artery or arteries (antonym = sclerosis) The tissue death of an artery or arteries. Abnormal hardening of the walls of an artery or arteries (antonym = malacia) The abnormal narrowing of an artery or arteries. The visual examination of the internal structure of a joint. Being long-lasting and recurrent or characterized by long suffering.

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Related Questions

Please check and correct answers that are bolded, thankyou

6. Which vitamin is stored in the tissues?

A

B

C

7. The menstrual occurs within 3 or 4 days of which of thefollowing changes in the blood?

increase in estrogen and decrease in progesterone

increase in progesterone and decrease in estrogen

increase in progesterone and estrogen

decrease in progesterone and estrogen

8. Which statement regarding sperm production and aging istrue?

Aging increases the amount of sperm produced

Aging has a variable effect on the amount of spermproduced.

Aging causes major changes in sperm cell morphology

Aging causes major changes in sperm cell function

9. Which of the following is a function of the digestivesystem?

Helping with speech

Vitamin A production

Storing blood in the pancreas

Producing erythropoietin

10. Thinning of the enamel, decrease in nerve cells, recedinggums and loss of muscle of mastication coordination are consideredto be what type of changes in the mouth?

Abnormal changes

Age changes

11. A decline in sexual activity with age is primarilyassociated with what age related changes in the physiology of amale?

Decline in frequency of use

Deteriorating self-image

Medication use

Changes in blood flow

12. Which of the following conditions is not apathological change that effects the stomach?

Peptic ulcer

Atrophic Gastritis

Acute Gastritis

Stricture

13. Which of the following is an age related cause for fecalincontinence?

Laxative use

Ulcerative colitis

Colorectal cancer

Disability

Stool softener

14. A decrease in lactase secretion is an age related changeassociated with the _____________.

stomach

small intestine

large intestine

pancreas

15. Which of the following statements regarding atrophicgastritis is true?

causes overproduction of HCL

causes overproduction of intrinsic factor

increase absorption of B12

increase risk for cancer

16. Functional incontinence may be due to a problem withwhat?

cognitive function

autonomic system

urinary bladder

urethra

17. Which of the following is not a function of nutrients?

energy for activities

raw materials for growth

buffer to maintain pH

fluid and electrolyte balance

18. Adenosine triphosphate is produced during all of thefollowing processes, except ______.

Oxidative phosphorylation

Kreb's cycle

Electron transport

Glycation

19. The digestive system helps create nutritional homeostasis,which of the following is one of the four reasons for nutritionalhomeostasis?

nutrients are formed to supply the energy for vitalfunctions

nutrients supply raw materials to synthesize body substances

nutrients counteract against blood so that volume ismaintained

nutrients tear down worn out substances for later use

20. Women with _____ percent body fat has an increase risk for ashorter life span and weight related diseases.

18

22

27

31

21. What amount of protein should be consumed daily by an olderadult?

.25 gram per kilogram of weight

.5 gram per kilogram of weight

.75 gram per kilogram of weight

1 gram per kilogram of weight

22. Stress incontinence is much more common in women than in menbecause women have which of the following?

longer urethra

premenopausal thinning

weakened structures

23. Which of the following is an age related change affectingthe kidneys?

increase in weight

increase in width

decrease in area

decrease in volume

24. Postmenopausal decrease in estrogen leads to age relatedchanges of the _________.

Urethra

Urinary bladder

Ureter

Kidney

25. _______ percent of the working capacity of both kidneys isneeded to maintain homeostasis.

10

20

30

40

26. Which of the following is considered a treatment for urinaryincontinence?

surgical removal of the sphincter

medications to modify bladder function

electric shock therapy

27. Which reproductive hormone provides a decrease risk ofatherosclerosis?

testosterone

relaxin

estrogen

follicle stimulating hormone

28. Which form of cancer in the female reproductive system rankssecond in occurrence?

Ovarian

Cervical

Endometrial

Vaginal

29. Which hormone produced in females seems to stimulate thelibido?

Estrogen

Progesterone

Testosterone

Luteinizing hormone

30. Which of the following regarding prostate cancer istrue?

it is related to having benign prostatic hypertrophy

it is more common in white males

testing for prostatic specific antigen is sensitive andspecific

it impairs the function of the liver

Human body can be described by many means – one of them – it is relatively big vessel with complex body fluid. For diagnostic purpose it is very complicated to detect insignificant number of biomarkers on very early stages of pathological process. This article, present pioneering method to initiate and conduct diagnostic by researching body fluids.

**With additional research provide additional examples of scientific way of dealing with solutions to improve functionality of human life. (QUESTION - This is exactly what is witten on my assignment)**

Analyzing human blood for a very low virus concentration or a sample of water for a bioterrorism agent has always been a time-consuming and difficult process. Researchers at the Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University have developed an easier and faster method to detect these types of target molecules in liquid samples using highly porous, micron-sized, silica beads. The researchers developed a technique to simultaneously or sequentially add optical and magnetic nanoparticles into the beads. Adding magnetic nanoparticles allows the use of a magnetic field to attract and easily remove the beads from a liquid sample. “These nanoparticles enter the pores of the microbeads so quickly and so completely -- essentially more than 99 percent of the nanoparticles go into the pores of the beads,” explained Shuming Nie, the head researcher on the project and the Wallace H. Coulter Distinguished Chair in Biomedical Engineering and director of Emory-Georgia Tech Nanotechnology Center. The beads are mixed in a liquid such as urine. Viruses, proteins or other biomarkers are captured on the bead surface. After the beads are removed from the liquid, optical imaging is used to determine the concentration of a specific protein or virus in the liquid sample based on the number of proteins or viruses attached to the surface of the beads. Tushar Sathe, a graduate student in the Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Tech and Emory University, described the process of creating these novel beads and their clinical applications on Jan. 20 at SPIE Photonics West in San Jose, California. The work was also published in the Aug. 15 issue of Analytical Chemistry. The technology involves embedding fluorescent quantum dots and magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles inside the beads to create dual-modality magneto-optical beads. Nie and Sathe synthesize the quantum dots in different colors by varying their size, giving the beads a unique optical signature. Having different color beads allows the researchers to detect several target molecules at the same time in the same liquid sample. “We use the quantum dots to create a set of beads that are unique and can be distinguished from each other. It’s similar to bar-coding -- once you barcode the beads and put them in the urine or blood sample, you can remove them and decode what proteins or viruses have attached to individual beads based on their spectral signature,” explained Sathe. The process of creating these beads is quite simple, according to Sathe. The surface of the beads contains a long-chain carbon molecule that makes the beads hydrophobic, meaning they repel water. The beads are dissolved in butanol and washed several times. Then the beads are counted and optical and magnetic nanocrystals are added to the suspension either simultaneously or sequentially. After 15-20 minutes, the butanol is removed to get rid of any remaining nanoparticles that didn’t get incorporated into the beads and the beads are washed with ethanol. Then the beads are coated with a polymer that creates a hydrophilic surface on the beads. This allows the beads to be functionalized by adding antibodies or DNA molecules to the surface that will capture the target molecules. These beads are dual-function -- both optical and magnetic -- but according to Sathe, more functions can be added to the beads. “Adding them is as easy as adding the nanoparticles into the solution. You just have to make sure the nanoparticle surface is hydrophobic so that it interacts with the beads,” said Sathe. The primary biomedical applications for this new technology will be to detect cancer and neurological diseases by identifying certain molecules present in human blood or urine that indicate specific diseases, according to Nie, who is also professor of biomedical engineering, chemistry, materials science & engineering, and hematology and oncology at Emory University and the Georgia Institute of Technology. “Some of the biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease have very low concentrations in the blood so you need highly sensitive techniques that can find a specific molecule to diagnose this disease,” explained Nie. “Our technique could also be used to monitor therapeutic response. For example, if the viral level decreases in samples taken at later dates, then we know the drug is probably working.” This new technology allows the researchers to analyze very low concentrations of target molecules. “Instead of analyzing a liter of sample where the concentration could be very dilute and you might not see the target molecule you’re looking for, you can let the beads capture the molecules on their surface, remove them from the liquid, and then just measure the number of molecules attached to the beads,” said Nie. This ongoing research is funded by the National Cancer Institute, the Department of Energy’s Genomes to Life (GTL) Program, the Department of Defense and the Georgia Cancer Coalition, a public-private partnership established by the Georgia General Assembly in 2001.