BIOLOGY 1101 Lecture Notes - Lecture 18: Ocean Acidification, Carbon Sink, Crop Yield

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pearmuskrat872

7 Dec 2016

School

Ohio State University

Department

Biology

Course

BIOLOGY 1101

Professor

Elizabeth Calhoun

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Document Summary

There is no real disagreement among scientists about this (not just climate scientist but also scientist who have no stake either way) There has been an increase in the total amount of co2 in the atmosphere. That this increases in co2 is caused by us and not a natural increase. Increases in co2 are related to increases in temperature on earth. We are currently experiencing an increase in the average global temperature on earth. The magnitude of temperature increases we are experiencing cannot be explained by anything other than greenhouse effect. The average global temperature has increased by 1. 4f since 1880 and will increase another 3. 2-7. 2f by. Notice keep referring to :global climate change not :global warming many of the biggest effects are not directly related to average global temperature. Not all places in the world have the same amount of warming. Even variation in effect on temperature in u. s.

Related Questions

Global Warming: Carbon Dioxide and its Effects on Agriculture Many scientists understand that earth is getting warmer and that the cause could be an intensified greenhouse effect resulting from increased CO2 emissions from industry, vehicles, and the burning of forests. Increased carbon dioxide levels will also affect the nutritional quality of many crop plants by decreasing protein content and increasing weed growth. Global warming could influence agriculture and perhaps even completely melt polar ice, leading to flooding of coastal regions. Over 90% of scientists now agree that global warming is occurring. In response to this potential threat, several European countries, the United States, Australia, and New Zealand have made a commitment to significantly reduce carbon dioxide emissions. However, some countries oppose taking strong actions at this time and the U.S. has only met a relatively small proportion of its commitments. Several reasons are cited. First, some experts think the apparent warming trend may be just a random fluctuation in temperature. Second, if the temperature increase is real, some argue that it has yet to be proven that the cause is increased CO2. However, regardless of the effects on climate change, the carbon fertilization effect of increased CO2 levels is affecting crops each year. Some believe it would be difficult to cut CO2 emissions without sacrificing comfort, convenience, and economic growth. Carbon Dioxide as a Greenhouse Gas: http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/gases/co2.html Effects of Carbon Fertilization of Crop Plants: http://www.news.ucdavis.edu/search/news_detail.lasso?id=9479 http://news.illinois.edu/news/14/0507CO2_AndrewLeakey.html http://news.heartland.org/newspaper-article/2013/10/29/carbon-dioxide-emissions-stimulating-15-trillion-crop-production Please consider and reply to the questions below: Do you think we should have more evidence that greenhouse warming is real before taking action? Or is it better to play it safe and act now to reduce CO2 emissions? The evidence of carbon fertilization of crop plants is readily available and accepted. Crop plants are producing less seed and less protein. Weed plants are overgrowing crop plants and reducing annual yields. Should we take action now to reduce CO2 emissions in order to prevent the loss of agricultural output and nutritious crops?

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1.What is an ecological footprint? What is the greatestcontribution that you make to your footprint? How could you reduceit?

2. Are humans a keystone species? Support your answer.

3. Why does community connectedness matter?

4. Why does community change matter?

5. What kind of environmental features favor pioneer species,what kind favor climax/late succession species? What kinds ofadaptations favor pioneer species, and what kinds favor climaxspecies?

5. What do we mean when we say that landscapes are stable?

6. What would a community ecologist be able to learn from the USCensus?

7. What does evolution have to do with community ecology?

8. What role does disturbance play in ecology? Giveexamples.

9. You will be expected to be able to calculate species richnessand determine evenness and species diversity indices.

10. You will be expected to make a connection between carryingcapacity, population growth, and community succession in NewJersey.

11. What are the factors that can or could influence thecarrying capacity of NJ?

12. Rank the following three factors in terms of their impact onhuman carrying capacity: space availability, food availability,money availability.

13. Why are some invasive species more successful (i.e. havegreater fitness) in their introduced environment compared to theirnative environment?

14. What is global change about and how do our actions affectit? How is NJ going to be affected by global change?

15. Why, if it is summer in the southern hemisphere and winterin the northern hemisphere, do we see an overall increase in globalCO2 concentrations?

16. What is a dead zone and how is it created? What humanactivity (ies) help create a dead zone?

17. How would a fire that burns most of a forest affect theenergy, water, nutrient, and carbon cycles?

18. What are ecosystem services? Give an example of two.

19. Show how the energy and carbon cycles are inter-related.Explain what is happening in your diagram.

20. You need to be able to explain why nitrogen is important andwhy too much nitrogen is bad.

21. Which gas is more important for global warming:CO₂ or methane? Why?

22. What are the major carbon sinks and sources on earth?

23. What evidence do we have that CO2 concentration of theatmosphere has increased in the last 200 years and what evidence dowe have that that increase is due to human activity?

24. What is happening to our oceans in response to the increasein CO2 in the atmosphere. Be complete, there is more than one partto this answer.

25. How do we know that global warming is and will have animpact on populations, communities, and ecosystems?

26. Given what we know about Japanese knotweed, global change,and human activity, explain the interactions and consequences ofJapanese knotweed invasion on our water supply. You need toinclude, the physiology of the plant, the population ecology of theplant, the water cycle (ecosystems), and global change.

27. Regional climate change models predict that this area willget warmer and receive more rainfall. They also predict thatagriculture (i.e. growing plants) will suffer. Explain why. Becomplete in your answer. There are several factors at workhere.

28. Why are sea-levels increasing globally? Give a detailedanswer. What are some likely consequences going to be (other thanlosing land).

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1. What is the correct sequence of steps inthe scientific method?

I. Make observations and ask a question

II. Analyze the data

III. Develop a hypothesis

IV. Share the results with otherscientists

V. Design and perform an experiment to testthe hypothesis

a) I>II > III > IV > V

b) III > I > V > II > IV

c) V> IV > III > II > I

d) I> III > V >II > IV

e) V > II > I > III > IV

2. You have formulated a hypothesis: ï¿½Applescontain more vitamin C than oranges.ï¿½

To test your hypothesis you measure vitamin Clevels in 20 oranges and 20 apples from trees that were grown inthe same orchard under the same environmental conditions(temperature, rain, sunlight). This experiment was conducted twice.The control in the experiment is

a) type of soil, temperature, amount of rainand sunlight in the orchard

b) vitamin C levels

c) oranges

d) apples

e) a large sample size and repeatedexperiment

***Use the following information to answerquestions 3, 4, 5 & 6 below***:

A group of medical researchers investigatedthe effects of Drug X on lowering cholesterol levels in a group ofmen between the ages of 50 and 70 years old. The researchers didthe following experiment and obtained the indicatedresults: One group of 150 men took a tablet containingDrug X for 3 weeks ï¿½ 95 of these men decreased their cholesterollevels by at least 10% (three men from this group dropped out ofthe study). Another group of 150 men wasgiven a tablet with no added Drug X for 3 weeks ï¿½ 10 of these mendecreased their cholesterol levels by at least 10% (two men fromthis group dropped out of the study).

3. Which of the following is the besthypothesis for this experiment?

a) Will drug X lower cholesterol levels in menbetween the age of 50 and 70 years?

b) Drug X will lower cholesterol levels inmen.

c) Since high cholesterol levels significantlyincreases several health risks for men, drug X is most likelybeneficial.

d) Men between the age of 50 and 70 years willhave reduced cholesterol levels if they take drug X over a 3 weekperiod.

e) There is no significant difference incholesterol levels between men that take drug X and those thatdonï¿½t take it.

4. Which of the following was the controlgroup in this experiment?

a) the amount of Drug X contained in thetablet

b) the number of participants in each group atthe end of the experiment

c) the group of participants that receivedtablets containing Drug X

d) the group of participants that receivedtablets that did not contain Drug X

e) the number of participants in each group atthe beginning of the experiment

5. Which of the following is a dependentvariable in this experiment?

a) the amount of Drug X contained in thetablet

b) participants that received tabletscontaining Drug X

c) the average age of the participants

d) number of participants in each group at thebeginning of the experiment

e) cholesterol

6. Which of the following is an independentvariable in this experiment?

a) the amount of Drug X contained in thetablet

b) participants that received tabletscontaining Drug X

c) the average age of the participants

d) number of participants in each group at thebeginning of the experiment

e) cholesterol

7. A chemotherapy drug affects theenzyme DNA polymerase. In which part of the cell cycle does itinhibit cell division?

a) Metaphase

b) S phase

c) G1

d) Cytokinesis

e) Prophase

8. A researcher planted seeds from four typesof tomatoes (Roma, Cherry, Big Boy and Early Girl) in a greenhouseto determine which type of tomato produce the largest number oftomatoes per plant. The plants were grown for 70 days under thesame temperature and light conditions. The average results for 20plants of each type are shown below. Choose thedata set that demonstrates that Cherry tomatoes produce the largestnumber of tomatoes per plant.

a) Roma: 20 tomatoes, Cherry: 18 tomatoes, BigBoy: 30 tomatoes, Early Girl: 10 tomatoes

b) Roma: 1.8 lbs, Cherry: 2.8 lbs, Big Boy:2.7 lbs, Early Girl: 1.0 lbs

c) Roma: 3 cm, Cherry: 1 cm, Big Boy: 10 cm,Early Girl: 7 cm

d) Roma: 2 cm, Cherry: 10 cm, Big Boy: 7 cm,Early Girl: 6 cm

e) Roma: 23 tomatoes, Cherry: 28 tomatoes, BigBoy: 10 tomatoes, Early Girl: 27 tomatoes

9. The majority of climate scientists believethat the current change in climate is caused predominantly by________.

a) an enhancement of the greenhouse effect

b) a decreased reliance on fossil fuels forenergy

c) a thinning of the ozone layer

d) a melting of the polar icecaps

e) an increase in solar radiation

10. Based on the following phylogenetic tree,which of the following conclusions are *NOT*correct? Each letter represents a hypotheticalspecies.

a) A and E share a common ancestor

b) B is one of Aï¿½s ancestors

c) E and D are more closely related to eachother than to C

d) C is more closely related to E than toB

e) A and B are closely related

11. You are taking a cruise from California toHawaii. About halfway there the ship begins to sink. You are ableto board a lifeboat, but now you are floating in the ocean waitingto be rescued. After several days you are so thirsty that you bendover the side of the boat and drink lots of salty seawater. Whathappens to your body?

a) You throw up because sea salt is toxic tohumans.

b) You get thirstier because of osmosis.

c) Salt diffuses into your cells, waterfollows, your cells start to expand and you feel bloated.

d) Since sea water consist of 96.5% freshwater (and only 3.5% salt) you will feel much better.

e) You get dehydrated because water is unableto cross the semi-permeable membranes of your cells.

12. You are spraying your garden with apesticide and you accidentally swallow a smallamount. You read on the package that this pesticideinhibits ATP synthase. Should you be worried?

a) ATP synthase is part of the light dependentreaction in photosynthesis; this pesticide will therefore notaffect humans. So donï¿½t worry!

b) ATP synthase is an enzyme involved in thecitric acid cycle so all animals, humans included, will beaffected. Call the doctor.

c) ATP synthase found in the pesticide is avery toxic compound. Call the doctor.

d) ATP synthase is involved in bothphotosynthesis and cellular respiration. Call the doctor.

e) ATP synthase inhibitors will not affecthumans, but there might be other toxic ingredients in thepesticide, so it is best to call the doctor to be on the safeside.

13. In the following chemical reaction, whatis carbon dioxide (CO2)?

12 H20 + 6CO2 -> 1glucose molecule + 6 O2

a) substrate

b) product

c) enzyme

d) activation factor

e) independent variable

14. Which of the following is NOT a feature ofDNA?

a) Adenine (A) forms a base pair with thymine(T)

b) Complimentary strands are anti-parallel,running in opposite directions

c) Complimentary strands are held together byhydrogen bonds between phosphate groups

d) Nucleotides within a single strand areconnected by covalent bonds

e) All of the above are features of DNA

15. A man who carries a harmful sex-linkedgene on his X chromosome, will pass the gene on to

a) All of his daughters

b) Half of his daughters

c) All of his sons

d) Half of his sons

e) All of his children

16. A double-stranded DNA molecule that has22% guanine will have

a) 28% thymine

b) 22% cytosine

c) 44% adenine

d) 26% uracil

e) Both A and B are correct

17. Which of the following variations could besubject to natural selection?

a) A dog with short legs due to malnutritionis able to crawl into holes better than his litter mates

b) A tree is not infested by a ground-dwellingbeetle when the homeowner cuts the lower branches

c) A hyena is born with a spotted fur patternthat allows it to hide in the grass better than his littermates

d) A pigeon learns than when its keeper comesnear it will be fed

e) All of these variations may be acted on bynatural selection

18. The ability of fireflies and angler fishto produce light is an example of convergent evolution. What canyou conclude about these two animals based on this information?

a) They share a recent common ancestor

b) They are both adapted to environments lowin light

c) The ability to produce light is an ancienttrait

d) They are found in the same location

e) All of the above

19. You observe the following outside yourwindow: A grasshopper is munching away on a leaf when ahawk swoops down and eats the grasshopper. What is the grasshopperin this situation?

a) secondary consumer

b) prey

c) herbivore

d) predator

e) both b, c and d

20. Which of the following statements is *NOT*true?

a) The cells resulting from meiosis arediploid and the cells resulting from mitosis are haploid.

b) Meiosis and meiosis both starts with onecell, but meiosis ends with four and mitosis withtwo.

c) Mitosis produces new cells for growth andrepair, meiosis produces gametes.

d) Mitosis goes through cytokinesis once,meiosis goes through cytokinesis twice.

e) Cross over happens in meiosis, but not inmitosis.

21. Neon, Ne, has an atomic number of 10 andan atomic mass of approximately 20. How many neutronsdoes neon have?

a) 5

b) 20

c) 10

d) 30

e) 15

22. An ionic bond is one in which

a) Outer shell electrons are sharedby two atoms in order to fill the electron shells of both atoms

b) Outer shell electrons of oneatom are transferred to the inner electron shell of anotheratom

c) Electrons are removed from oneatom and transferred to another atom so that the two atoms becomeequally charged

d) Electrons are removed from theouter shell of one atom and transferred to the outer shell ofanother atom in order to completely fill the outer shells of eachatom

e) Electrons are removed from theouter shell of each atom in order to give each atom a neutralnumber of electrons

23. Which characteristic of water results theconstant body temperature of mammals?

a) cohesion

b) density at differenttemperatures

c) polarity

d) heat absorption

e) solvency

24. Which of the following is thestrongest base?

a) black coffee

b) bakingsoda

c) stomachacid

d) water

e) ammonia

25. An ideal antibiotic damages only bacterialcells but not human cells. Which of the followingcellular structures would be a good target for antibiotics?

a) plasmamembrane

b) cytoskeleton

c) cell wall

d) nucleus

e) nucleolus

26. An erythrocyte is place in a beaker of seawater. The cell shrivels andshrinks. Why?

a) Sea water is hypertonic to the fluid insidethe cells.

b) Sea water is isotonic to the fluid insidethe cells

c) The fluid inside the cells is hypertonic tothe sea water

d) Sea water is hypertonic to the fluidoutside the cells

e) Sea water is hypotonic to the fluid insidethe cells

27. Most of the ATP of aerobic respiration isproduced in the

a)chloroplast

b)mitochondria

c)ribosome

d) plasmamembrane

e)cytoplasm

28. Which of the following does notnegatively affect the rate of an enzyme reaction?

a) Reduction in temperature

b) Reduction in the amount of a competitiveinhibitor

c) Reduction in the amount of substrate

d) Reduction in the amount of enzyme

e) Reduction in the pH of the solution

29. If a germ cell has 30chromosomes, how many chromosomes will be found in the gametes?

a) 60

b) 30

c) 10

d) 15

e) 20

30. In what stage are the sisterc33.hromatids lined up at the center of the spindle?

a) Interphase

b) Telophase

c) Prophase

d) Metaphase

e) Anaphase

31. Which of the following could betrue for a child with Downï¿½s Syndrome?

a) Non-disjunction occurred during theproduction of the egg

b) The sperm could have had two copies ofchromosome 21

c) One gamete had two copies of chromosome 21and the other had one copy

d) None of a) through c) could betrue

e) All of a) through c) could be true

32. Which of the following statements is notconsistent with Darwinï¿½s theory of evolution?

a) Fossils indicate the structures of extinctorganisms

b) The Earth is approximately 100,000 yearsold

c) Organisms on earth have survived or dieddepending upon the environment in which they were born.

d) All living species are related to commonancestors

e) Individuals do not evolve

33. A trait that influences the mating ofindividuals having that trait is called

a) Genetic drift

b) Gene flow

c) Artificial selection

d) Natural selection

e) Sexual selection

34. The formation of new biological lineagesis called

a) Mutation

b) Natural selection

c) Speciation

d) Genetic drift

e) Sexual selection

35. Which of the following organisms iscapable of both using carbon dioxide to produce starch and usingoxygen to produce ATP?

a) dog

b) human

c) earthworm

d) houseplant

e) none of the above

36. Which density-dependent factor controlsthe size of a population?

a) wind velocity

b) light intensity

c) nutrient supply

d) rainfall

e) all of the above

37. According to Darwin, natural selectionoccurs when the environmental conditions cause specific ___________found in populations to become ______________.

a) selections, exponential growth

b) variations, adaptations

c) weakest members, strongest members

d) non-competitors, competitors

e) similarities, differences

38. Which of the following statements is trueabout a bond formed between two carbon atoms?

a) the bond requires the sharing ofprotons

b) the bond requires the sharing ofelectrons

c) the bond requires the sharing ofneutrons

d) the bond contains ADP

e) the bond cannot be broken

39. Which of the following is abiotic?

a) Roots

b) Bacteria

c) Seawater

d) Slime mold

e) Algae

40. Which density-dependent factor controlsthe size of a population?

a) wind velocity

b) light intensity

c) nutrient supply

d) rainfall

e) all of the above

***********************************************************************************************************

MATCHING SECTION #1 ï¿½ 1 point each

**Do not enter your answers here.** Type inthe letter you select from the Definition/Association column as thebest answer on the Answer Sheet for the number represented belowfor the Term or Concept.

Term or Concept

1. Water molecule

2. Carbon

3. Homeostasis

4. Ionic Bonding

5. Covalent Bonding

6. Carbohydrate

7. Enzyme

8. Acid

9. Base

10. Lipid

Definition/Association

A. energy source

B. two atoms sharing electrons

C. electron donated/received

D. hydrophobic

E. element found in all living organisms

F. catalyst

G. OH-> H+

H. polar

I. characteristic of all living organisms

J. H+ > OH-

MATCHING SECTION #2 ï¿½ 1 point each

**Do not enter your answers here.** Type inthe letter you select from the Definition/Association column as thebest answer on the Answer Sheet for the number represented belowfor the Term or Concept.

Term or Concept

1. Ribosome

2. Mitochondria

3. Nucleus

4. Golgi apparatus

5. Smooth Endoplasmatic Reticulum

6. Membrane

7. Cell Wall

8. Lysosome

9. Chloroplast

10. Cilia

Definition or Association

A. packaging and transport

B. digestion

C. genetic material storage

D. protein assembly

E. structural support

F. lipid production

G. glucose breakdown

H. movement

I. oxygen production

J. contain transport proteins andreceptors

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BIOLOGY 1101 Lecture Notes - Lecture 18: Ocean Acidification, Carbon Sink, Crop Yield

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