Published on 20 Apr 2020
School
Department
Course
Professor
(if
•
d
~
~o
+
(3,
x,
t
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x~
t-
£
'Lt
cov
C
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e)
= o ,
then
)(
I
i.S
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e.
n o
u.s
'It
cov
(x,,
£)
-:\:=o,
11,en
X,
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e
n!,_o
8-
e.
n o
Q.S
Suppose
Lo:>c
e.seif"\?ate
J
=
o1_
0
-+
ri,x,
-t
E.
,
t..uhe,...,
,._,;)e
shJI
&
'-' a
"e
e.
~if
.....,
at
e
J..
d
:::
13
0
-+
~,
x,
-t
f1
a.
x
:a
-"
4-
..l.L
~e.
trve
effect
of
x,
on
J is
P,
,..,.
l
---
~1
;>O
\
-
~,_
.(
0
)',
=
Q
cov('J<,y)
,tan
(xJ
CO,t
(x,
I
><-2)
>
0
biQS
up
bias
do
v.:>
f")
unb1~~
C
(s.
-t
~
1
X, -\
f3.a.
~
2 \
~
..U.)
cov
x,
'
\/ofl
(x,)
C
ov
(.ic,,
X.2)
~
0
COv
(x,
,-,
2)
:o
b;
o.,.S
dow'7
un
b;
a.s
ed
b·,~
up \Jnb,~ecl
unb;
Q...J,e.d
0
nb
;
~j!
&