BIOS 1700 Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: Conformational Change, Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate, Transmembrane Protein

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lilacelephant259

17 Aug 2016

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Juxtacrine signaling depends on direct cell-cell contact a. In the nervous system, neurons are greatly outnumbered by support cells, called glial cells, yet they started out as similar undifferentiated cells in the embryo. Receptors can be on the cell surface or in the interior of the cell a. If the signaling molecule is nonpolar, it can cross the membrane and therefore can bind to a cytosolic receptor, There are three major types of cell surface receptors, which act like molecular switches: g-protein coupled receptor: the receptor couples with a g protein, a protein that associates with guanine nucleotides gdp & gtp: gtp=on. Gdp=off: receptor kinase: enzymes that phosphorylate other molecules. As a receptor, they work in pairs and are off. When ligands bind, they get together, phosphorylate each other and turn on: ligand-gated ion channel: normally closed. When ligand binds, channel opens and ions flow through.

Related Questions

HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE

1. Describe the ligand and any external receptors that bind to the ligand. If signaling can occur without an external ligand, explain how this can occur.

2. Describe how the signal is translocated from the exterior of the cell to the interior of the cell. Be sure to describe the specific activity of the receptor in initiating the intracellular signal.

3. Describe the propagation of the signal within the cell from the membrane receptor to the point of cellular response. Provide the details for at least one specific protein interaction that either results in the activation or inactivation of a subsequent protein or signaling molecule to propagate the signal.

4. What is a specific cellular response to the signal. Something will change- what is it?

indigosea-lion999

1. The pre-B-cell receptor provides an important signal that induces transition of pro-B cells to pre-B cells. An important characteristic of this receptor is that:
A. It signals without binding to an extracellular ligand.
B. It is composed of immunoglobulin heavy chains and the VJ region of a rearranged gamma light chain.
C. It is expressed at very high levels on the surface of the pro-B cell.
D. It signals without requiring association with B-cell receptor signaling subunits, Igalpha and Igbeta

2. The vaccine to Haemophilus influenzae type b is called a conjugate vaccine. It is composed of the tetanus toxoid protein conjugated to the capsular polysaccharide of the H. influenzae type b bacteria. When used to vaccinate infants, the antibody response generated by this vaccine would include:
A. Antibodies to the bacterial polysaccharide and the tetanus toxoid
B. Antibodies to the tetanus toxoid only
C. Antibodies to the bacterial polysaccharide only
D. Antibodies that only bind to the protein-polysaccharide conjugate in the vaccine
E. Antibodies that recognize the polysaccharide capsule
when shed by the bacteria
E. It signals without requiring the B-cell receptor signaling kinase, BTK.

3. CXCR5 is the receptor for the chemokine CXCL13, secreted by follicular stromal cells and follicular dendritic cells in the B cell zones (i.e., lymphoid follicles) of secondary lymphoid organs. A conditional knockout mouse in which CXCR5 was specifically deleted only in T cells would have:
A. No defects in any type of antibody response
B. Defects in the initial activation of all B cells
C. A lack of discrete B cell and T cell zones in the
lymphoid organ
D. A defect in T cell-dependent antibody responses
E. An increased number and size of germinal centers

rosemole174

Cell biology Questions

1. Where is the sugar-phosphate backbone located in a DNA strand within the DNA double helix?

a) Alternates between outside and inside

b)Inside

c)Outside

d)Varies between purines and pyrimidines

e)Depends on the species

2) Which of these statements defines paracrine cell signaling?

A messenger molecule released into the blood stream to bind to a receptor on a cell far away from the release site.

A messenger molecule released by a cell into the extracellular space that binds to receptors on the surface of the same cell.

A messenger molecules released by a cell into the extracellular space that travels short distances to bind to a receptor in a nearby cell.

A messenger molecule release by a tissue into the lumen of an organ that diffuse to bind to receptors far away from the release site.

e)All of the above.

3. Which effect has the binding of the ligand to a G-protein coupled receptor on intracellular G-protein?

a)		ATP is hydrolyzed, activating phosphorylation
b)		GTP is exchanged for GDP on the G protein, inactivating the G protein
c)		GDP is exchanged for GTP on the G protein, activating the G protein
d)		GMP is released from the G-protein, inactivating the receptor
e)		None of the above

viridiangoat964

BIOS 1700 Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: Conformational Change, Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate, Transmembrane Protein

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