PSY 3430 Lecture Notes - Lecture 10: Twin Study, Hypomania, Reinforcement
3 Jul 2018
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Tuesday, March 27, 2018
Mood disorders: depressive and bipolar disorders
History
•Doubted the existence of depression in children"
•Depression = hostility or anger turned inward caused by actual or perceived loss?"
•Bust children believed to have insufficient superego development to permit
aggression to be directed inward?"
•Other theories: 1.) depression was a passing phase of development and 2.) acting out
behavior, sleep disorders, bed wetting, learning disability, and or anxiety = “masked
depression”"
•Rejected"
Prevalence of depression
•2-8% of youth; about 5% of children"
•Increases during adolescence"
•10-20% of teens are depressed at one point"
•90% of youth who’ve recovered from depression show significant impairment"
Developmental patterns
•No one pattern fits all children w/ depression"
•Children as young as 3-5 may have it"
•Depression in infants not well understood"
•“anaclitic depression” = infants raised in an emotionally frigid institutional env.;
symptoms = withdrawn, apathetic, weepy, weight loss, sleep disturbance"
•Pattern alter observed in non-institutionalized children"
•Mother more likely to be depressed and psychologically unavailable, or physical
abuse"
•Depression in preschool aged children"
•Lack exuberance of same aged peers"
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Tuesday, March 27, 2018
•Somber and tearful"
•Excessively clingy and whiny behaviors"
•Self-destructive and anxious behaviors"
•Stomachaches, headaches, and other physical complaints"
•Depression in school aged children"
•Nothing pleases child; hates self and everyone around "
•Weight loss"
•Headaches"
•Victimized by other children; might bully"
•Disruptive, irritable, combative"
•Unwilling to talk about sad feelings"
•Suicidal statements may emerge"
•Depression in pre-teens looks like depression in school-aged children PLUS"
•Increasing self-blame"
•Expression of low self-esteem"
•Persistent sadness"
•Social inhibition"
•Sleep and eating disturbances"
•Poor body image"
•Angry conversations with parents"
•Suicidal gestures, attempts, and thoughts"
•Fatigue; energy loss"
Anatomy of depression
•Symptom: feeling sad or miserable"
•Syndrome: cluster of symptoms occurring together; not by chance"
•Disorder: major depressive disorder or persistent depressive disorder"
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Tuesday, March 27, 2018
Major depressive disorder (MDD)
•Characterized by major depressive episode"
•Episode = 2 week period"
•Anhedonia or depressed mood (most days) plus 4 more symptoms:"
•Anhedonia/depressed mood nearly every day or most days"
•Weight loss/gain"
•Appetite changes"
•Insomnia/hypersomnia"
•Fatigue"
•Difficulty concentrating"
•Psychomotor agitation (fidgety) / retardation (slow reaction time)"
•Thoughts of death or SI (suicidal ideation)"
•Feeling worthless"
•Indecisiveness "
•& must show impairment "
Gender and ethnicity
•Almost all young people recover from their initial depressive episode"
•70% have another episode within 5 years"
•Some develop bipolar disorder"
•Depression in preadolescent children is equally common in boys and girls"
•Ration of girls to boys is 2 : 1 to 3 : 1 ~after~ puberty"
•Depression among individuals of different races/ethnicities is understudied "
Persistent depressive disorder (PDD)
•Includes “dysthymia” and “chronic major depressive disorder”"
•Research could not distinguish b/t the 2 disorders so they were combined in DSM-5"
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Document Summary
Prevalence of depression: 2-8% of youth; about 5% of children, increases during adolescence, 10-20% of teens are depressed at one point, 90% of youth who"ve recovered from depression show signi cant impairment. Anatomy of depression: symptom: feeling sad or miserable, syndrome: cluster of symptoms occurring together; not by chance, disorder: major depressive disorder or persistent depressive disorder. Persistent depressive disorder (pdd: includes dysthymia and chronic major depressive disorder , research could not distinguish b/t the 2 disorders so they were combined in dsm-5. : children w/ dysthymia disorder display depressive symptoms on most days for at. 3 years earlier: psychosocial functioning remains impaired after children recover from dysthymia but: family relationships, cognitive styles, and school functioning may improve. Age of onset for mdd & pdd: onset could be sudden or gradual, mdd: 13-15 years old; 1st depressive episode likely to occur b/t 14-19 years of age, pdd: 11-12 years old; a prolonged duration, generally 2-5 years.
