MTH 231 Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Koala

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orchidpig108

20 Jul 2018

School

Oregon State University

Department

Mathematics

Course

MTH 231

Professor

All

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P(x) is true for all x some x. P(x) is true for some x every x x(cid:859)s are o(cid:374)l(cid:455) (cid:272)o(cid:374)sidered form domain of discourse which effects truth evaluation. * de morga(cid:374)(cid:859)s la(cid:449)s for quantities: x p(cid:4666)x(cid:4667) x p(cid:4666)x(cid:4667, x p(cid:4666)x(cid:4667) x p(cid:4666)x(cid:4667) X p(cid:4666)x(cid:4667) (a) x (cid:4666)r(cid:4666)x(cid:4667) h(cid:4666)x(cid:4667)(cid:4667) (b) x (cid:4666)r(cid:4666)x(cid:4667) (cid:1512)h(cid:4666)x(cid:4667)(cid:4667) (c) x (cid:4666)r(cid:4666)x(cid:4667) h(cid:4666)x(cid:4667)(cid:4667) (d) x (cid:4666)r(cid:4666)x(cid:4667) (cid:1512)h(cid:4666)x(cid:4667)(cid:4667) (cid:863)for a(cid:374)(cid:455) a(cid:374)i(cid:373)als, if it(cid:859)s a ra(cid:271)(cid:271)it, the(cid:374) it hops. (cid:863) (cid:862)(cid:454) hops(cid:863) & the do(cid:373)ai(cid:374) (cid:272)o(cid:374)sists of all a(cid:374)i(cid:373)als (a) (cid:862)for all a(cid:374)i(cid:373)als (cid:454) if (cid:454) is a ra(cid:271)(cid:271)it, the(cid:374) (cid:454) hops. (cid:863) Then form the negation of the statement so that no negation is to the left of a quantifier. Answer key domain all animals (a) d(x) (cid:862)(cid:454) is a dog(cid:863) F(x) (cid:862)(cid:454) has fleas(cid:863) (b) h(x) (cid:862)(cid:454) is a horse(cid:863) A(x) (cid:862)(cid:454) (cid:272)a(cid:374) add(cid:863) (c) k(x) (cid:862)(cid:454) is a koala(cid:863) C(x) (cid:862)(cid:454) (cid:272)a(cid:374) (cid:272)li(cid:373)(cid:271)(cid:863) (d) m(x) (cid:862)(cid:454) is a (cid:373)o(cid:374)ke(cid:455)(cid:863)

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Let r in and u =(1 1 0), v = (1 4 1), w = (r2 1 r2), b = (3+2r 5+12r 2r). For which values r in is the set {u. v, w} linearly independent? For which values r in is the vector b a linear combination of u. v and w? For which of these values of r can b be written as a linear combination of u. v and w in more than one way? The set 3 of all column vectors of length three, with real entries, is a vector space. Is the subset B = {(x y z) in 3 | xy + yz = 0} a subspace of 3? Justify your answer. Show that the set of all twice differentiable functions f : satisfying the differential equation sin(x) f"(x) + x2f(x) = 0 is a vector space with respect to the usual operations of addition of functions and multiplication by scalars. Here, f" denotes the second derivative of f. Let S be the following subset of the vector space 3 of all real polynomials p of degree at most 3: S = {p in 3 | p(l) = 0, p'(l) = 0}, where p' is the derivative of p. Determine whether S is a subspace of 3. Determine whether the polynomial q(x) = x - 2x2 + x3 is an element of S. u = (1 1 0), v = (1 4 1), w = (r2 1 r2) if {u, v, w} is linearly independent set 1(4r2 - 1)-1(r2 - r2) ne 0 4r2 ne 1 r ne plusmn1/2 this set is linearly independent set for values of e ne plusmn1/2 - - - - - - - (3+2r 5+12r 2r) = a1 (1 1 0) + a2 (1 4 1) + a3 (r2 1 r2) this forms system of equations in a1, a2, a3 if 4r2 - 1 ne 0 then system has unique solution if 4r2 - 1 = 0 and -2 - 4r = 0 rArr r = -1/2, the system has more than one solution if 4r2 - 1 ne 0 b can be written as linear combination of u,v,w as uniquely if r = -1/2 then b can be written as linear combination of u,v,w more than one way - - - - - - - - - (1 1 -1) in B and (1 0 1) in B (1 1 -1) + (1 0 1) = (2 1 0) not in B since 2times1+1times0 ne 0 so addition of vector is failed, this set is not forms subspace consider the following differential equation (sinx)f"(x) + x2f (x) = 0 each solution is continuous function the set of all solutions is subset of space of set of all continuous functions n from R to R let f,g are two solutions (sinx)f"(x) + x2f (x) = 0 (sinx)g"(x)+x2g(x) = 0 ccheck whether af+bg is solution or not (sinx)f"(x) + x2f(x) = 0 rArr (sinx) af"(x) + x2?f (x) = 0 (sinx)g"(x) + x2g (x) = 0 rArr (sinx)bg" (x) + x2bg (x) = 0 (sinx)(af"(x)+bg"(x)) +x2 (af (x) + bg(x)) = 0 af+bg is also solution to differential equation the set of all solutions to differential equation forms subspace - - - - - - - - - - consider the following subset of P3 {p in P3/.p(l)=0, p'(l) = 0} let p, q in S rArr p(l)= 0, p'(l) = 0 and q(l) = 0, q'(l) = 0 (ap + bq) (l) = ap (l) +b q(l) = a (0) + b (0) = 0 (ap + bq)'(1) = ap'(l) +bq'(1) = a (0) + b(0) = 0 p, q in S rArr ap +bq in S then S is subspace q(x) = x - 2x2 + x3 q(1) = 1 - 2 + 1 = 0 q'(x)=1 - 4x + 3x2 q'(l) = 1 - 4 + 3 = 0 q is element of S

[1] 1. (a) Solve 2 – 31 < 7. Solution: We have – 7<-3 < 7 which gives -4 0 on (-0, 1] U [2,). Next, we need to see where Vr2 – 3r +2 -1 > 0. If r2 - 3.c + 2 – 1 > 0, then V.22 – 3.0 +2 > . Observe that this is definitely true if r < 0. If r > 0, then squar- ing both sides we get 22 - 3.+2 > 1 2 > 3. V A VICO Thus, the domain of f is (-00, ). [2] (c) Find the exact value of tan(sec-14). Solution: Let y = sec-14. Then, sec y = 4. From the diagram we get that tan(sec-? 4) = tan y = 15 [2] (d) Find all r such that sin(2.x) = COS I. Solution: We have 2 sin r cos r = COS I, SO 0 = 2 sin Cos I -Cos I = cos .r (2 sin c - 1). Hence, sin(2x) = cost when cos x = 0, or when sin r = Thus, r= +ik, kez, I= +2nk, ke Z, or r= +2nk, kez [2] (e) State the precise mathematical definition of lim f(x) = 0. Solution: For every e > 0 there exists a 8 >0 such that if 0 < x-al <, then f(c) >

Sketch using these guidelines

pul aill al thes information together to sketch graphs that reveal the important You might ask: Why don't we just use a graphing calculator or computer to graph a It's true that modern technology is capable of producing very accurate graphs. But K 21+1+2 features of functions curve? Why do we need to use calculus? even the best graphing devices have to be used intelligently. It is easy to arrive at a misleading graph, or to miss important details of a curve, when relying solely on tech- nology. (See "Graphing Calculators and Computers" at www.stewartcalcelus.com, espe 4 discover the most interesting aspects of graphs and in many cases to and minimum points and inflection points exocily instead of approximately cially Examples 1, 3.4, and 5. See also Section 4.6.) The use of calculus enables us to calculate maximum FIGURE 1 For instance, Figure I shows the gr aph of /(x)-è¨-21x, + 18x + 2.At first glance it seems reasonable: It has the same shape as cubic curves like y x and it appears to have no maximum or minimum point. But if you compute the derivative, you will see that there is a maximum when x-0.75 and a minimum when x 1. Indeed if we zoom in to this portion of the graph, we see that behavior exhibited in Pigure 2 Without calculus, we could easily have overlooked it. 6a, FIGURE 2 In the next section we will graph functions by using the interaction between calculus and graphing devices. In this section we draw graphs by first considering the foilowing information. We don't assume that you have a graphing device, but if you do have one you should use it as a check on your work. â Guidelines for Sketching a Curve every item is relevant to every function. (For instance, a to make a sketch that displays the most important aspects of the function. The following checklist is intended as a guide to sketching a curve y- f(x) by hand. Not given curve might not have an asymptote or possess symmetry.) But the guidelines provide all the information you need A. Domain It's often useful to start by determining the domain D of f, that is, the set B. Intercepts The y-intercept is f(o) and this tells us where the curve intersects the of values of x for which f(x) is defined y-axis. To find the x-intercepts, we set y-0and solve for xã(You can omit this step if the equation is difficult to solve.) ry (a) Even fusction: reflectional symmetry all x in D, that is, the equation of the curve is unchanged when x is replacea by -x, then f is an even function and the curve is symmetric about the y-axis. This means that our work is cut in half. If we know what the curve looks like for 0, then we need only reflect about the y-axis to obtain the com- plete curve [see Figure 3(a). Here are some examples: y-ey-ry x). and for all x in D, then f is an odd function and the curve is symmetric about the origin. Again we can obtain the complete curve if we know what it looks like for x0. [Rotate 180Â° about the origin; see Figure 3(b).] Some b) Oud function rotational symmetry FIGURE 3 simple examples of odd functions are y-xy-x'y - and y-sin

MTH 231 Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Koala

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