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ECON 102 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Price System, Shortage, Root Mean Square

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School
PSU
Department
Economics
Course
ECON 102
Professor
Thomas Stone

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ECON 102 Full Course Notes
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ECON 102 Full Course Notes
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Document Summary

Price rationing: the process by which the market system allocated goods and services to consumers when quantity demanded exceeds quantity supplied. The adjustment of price is the rationing mechanism in free markets. Constraints on the market and alternative rationing mechanisms. On occasion, both governments and private rms decide to use some mechanism other than the market system to ration an item for which there is excess demand at the current price. Policies designed to stop price rationing are justi ed in a number of ways, most often in the name of fairness. The organization of the petroleum exporting counties (opec) is an organization of. 12 countries that together produce about one-third of the world"s oil today. In 1973 and 1974, opec imposed an embargo on shipments of crude oil to the. Congress responded by imposing a maximum price of sh. 57 per gallon of leaded regular gasoline. This is created a shortage as the price system was not allowed to function.

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Related Questions

When the quantity demanded of a good is less than the quantity supplied at the prevailing market price,
a. the market is in equilibrium
b. the price of the good tends to rise
c. the price of the good tends to fall
d. the demand curve shifts leftward until the shortage is eliminated
e. the supply curve shifts rightward until the shortage is eliminated

Who bears the primary costs of a rent control program?

A. landlords
B. renters that get rent-controlled apartments
C. taxpayers
D.

the wealthy

Assume the demand for sushi is Qd = 180 - 3P, where Qd is quantity demanded and P = price in dollars. The supply of sushi is Qs = 80 + 5P, where Qs is quantity supplied (and P is, again, price in dollars). A price of $20 would result in:

A. Excess supply of 60
B. Excess supply of 120
C. Excess supply of 140
D. Excess demand of 140

US agricultural price supports are politically popular because

A. They have no adverse impacts
B. The US would have food shortages without them
C. The benefits accrue to a large number of voters and the costs are paid by a small number of voters
D.

The costs are spread out among millions of people

Assume the demand for sushi is Qd = 180 - 3P, where Qd is quantity demanded and P = price in dollars. The supply of sushi is Qs = 80 + 5P, where Qs is quantity supplied (and P is, again, price in dollars). What would be the equilibrium price?

A. $15.50
B. $12.50
C. $10
D.

$15

Price floors and ceiling prices:

A. cause the supply and demand curves to shift until equilibrium is established.
B. both cause surpluses.
C. interfere with the rationing function of prices.
D.

A change in the price of a good leads to a change in ________, which leads to a ___________

A. quantity supplied; shift of the supply curve
B. supply; shift of the supply curve
C. quantity supplied; movement along the supply curve
D.

When the supply of a product increases, this implies that

A. the price of the product first declined
B. more will be purchased at the same price
C. producers will be willing to accept a lower price for each unit sold
D. demand for the good must have increased
E.

producers will offer less for sale at each possible price

If there is a excess demand for product X:

A. fewer resources will be allocated to the production of this good.
B. the price of the product will rise.
C. the supply curve will shift to the left and the demand curve to the right, eliminating the shortage.
D.

the price of the product will decline.

Which of the following will occur when there is a simultaneous decrease in demand and a decrease in supply?

A. B and D both necessarily occur
B. An increase in equilibrium quantity
C. A and C both necessarily occur
D. An increase in price
E. A and D both necessarily occur
F. A decrease in price
G.

A decrease in equilibrium quantity

Velcro is becoming more and more popular for a variety of uses, including as fasteners for shoes. What should happen to the equilibrium price and quantity for shoelaces as a result?

A. Both price and quantity should decrease.
B. Price should increase and quantity decrease.
C. Both price and quantity should increase.
D. Price should decrease and quantity increase.
E.

Nothing.

If the government imposes a ceiling price on apartment rents, we would expect to observe all of the following except one. Which is the exception?

A. conversion of some apartment complexes to condos
B. a shortage
C. an increase in the number of new apartment complexes being built
D. lower maintenance of existing apartments
E. long waiting lists for apartment seekers

supply; movement along the supply curve

both cause shortages.

1 an imperfect market, individual firms

A.are always able to set the price of their product.
B.are able to influence the price of their product.
C.have no influence over the price of their product.

D.take the market price as given.

1 Which of the following is NOT characteristic of a market economy?

Significant government intervention
Little or no government intervention
Buyers and sellers motivated by self-interest
Prices determined by demand and supply

2 In a competitive market, the price of the product is

independently set by each competing seller.
set by the market leader and then copied by other sellers.
jointly set after a meeting of all sellers in the market.
set by market supply and demand.

3 Which of the following firms participates in a competitive market?

A new car manufacturer, such as Ford, Honda, Toyota, or GMC
A software producer, such as Microsoft
A corn farmer
A local electric utility company

4 In an imperfect market, individual firms

are always able to set the price of their product.
are able to influence the price of their product.
have no influence over the price of their product.
take the market price as given.

5 Which of the following firms operates as a monopoly?

A car manufacturer
A local water utility
A corn farmer
A fish vendor at a neighborhood market

6 According to the law of demand, what is the relationship between price and quantity demanded?

Direct
No relationship
Inverse

7 Refer to the following graph. The demand curve slopes downward because
Click to view graphic. (Links to an external site.)

prices and quantity demanded move in opposite directions.
prices and quantity demanded move in the same direction.
prices and quantity demanded have no relationship.
prices and quantity demanded remain unchanged.

8 A change in which of the following will cause a change in the quantity demanded of coffee?

Consumer income
The price of green tea, a substitute for coffee
The number of coffee consumers
The price of coffee

9 Suppose that burgers and fries are complements in consumption. If the price of fries increases

overall demand for burgers will increase.
overall demand for burgers will decrease.
quantity demanded for burgers will increase.
quantity demanded for burgers will decrease.

10 Suppose that Coca Cola and Pepsi are substitutes in consumption. If the price of Coca Cola decreases, then

both the equilibrium price and the quantity of Pepsi demanded will decrease.
both the equilibrium price and the quantity of Pepsi demanded will increase.
the equilibrium price of Pepsi will increase and the quantity demanded of Pepsi will decrease.
the equilibrium price of Pepsi will decrease and the quantity demanded of Pepsi will increase.

11 According to the law of supply, what is the relationship between price and quantity supplied?

Direct
No relationship
Inverse
It depends on the change in price

12 Refer to the graph below. The supply curve is _______________ driven by the law of supply.
Click to view graphic. (Links to an external site.)

Downward sloping
Upward sloping
Perfectly vertical
Perfectly horizontal

13 A change in which of the following will cause a change in the quantity supplied of coffee?

The technology or the production process of making coffee
Anticipation of a change in the price of coffee
The wages of coffee bean pickers
The price of coffee

14 Which of the following will cause a rightward shift in the supply curve for tobacco?

A fall in the number of tobacco farmers in the market
An increase in taxes on tobacco
Removal of government subsidies to tobacco farmers
An improvement in the technology used in the production of tobacco

15 Flour is a factor of production of cupcakes. How will an increase in the price of flour affect the market for cupcakes?

Overall supply will increase
Overall supply will decrease
Quantity supplied will increase
Quantity supplied will decrease

16 Refer to the following image. When a market is in equilibrium, which of the following is true?
Click to view graphic. (Links to an external site.)

Quantity supplied exceeds quantity demanded
Quantity supplied is less than quantity demanded
Quantity supplied is equal to quantity demanded
There is no relationship between quantity supplied and quantity demanded

17 Refer to the following figure. At a price of $15, this market is experiencing a(n)
Click to view graphic. (Links to an external site.)

equilibrium.
shortage.
surplus.
none of the above are true.

18 Refer to the following figure. At a price of $5, this market is experiencing
Click to view graphic. (Links to an external site.)

equilibrium.
a shortage.
a surplus.
None of the above are true.

19 Suppose pasta salad is a normal good. If the price of pasta (a major ingredient in pasta salad) increases and income also increases, the

equilibrium quantity and equilibrium price of pasta salad will increase.
equilibrium quantity of pasta salad will decrease and the equilibrium price of pasta salad may either increase or decrease.
equilibrium quantity of pasta salad may either increase or decrease and the equilibrium price of pasta salad will increase.
equilibrium quantity and equilibrium price of pasta salad will both decrease.

20. What must happen to the market price in order for a shortage to be eliminated?

Price must fall.
Price must rise.
Price must stay the same.
Price may rise or fall depending on the size of the shortage.