BIOSC 0100 Lecture Notes - Lecture 6: Red Blood Cell, Partial Pressure, Hemoglobin

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6 Feb 2017

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Oxygen moves from areas of high partial pressure to low partial pressure in mammals o2 moves from the lungs to the blood (high to low) Gas exchange (of co2 and o2) is essential to support organisms (oxygen comes into the blood stream and to other organelles, co2 leaves organelles to the blood stream and enters the environment) However, o2 is not very soluble in water. A red blood cell has millions of molecules of hemoglobin which is filled with oxygen. Hemoglobin contains a non-protein group called heme (iron ion) can bind to four oxygens. Binding of one molecule of o2 to one of the sites in the hemoglobin causes a conformational change in the protein that makes binding to the next o2 more likely. This makes hemoglobin very sensitive to changes in the po2 of tissues ph: When pco2 is high (during exercise), the ph of blood drops concentration of protons increase.

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1. The dominant motif found in hemoglobin and myoglobin is: a) twisted beta sheet b) beta barrel c) helix-loop-helix d) 7-TM 2. Myoglobin has how many polypeptide chains? A) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 3. Structurally and functionally, hemoglobin closely resembles a(n) a) transmembrane protein b) mucopolysaccharide c) bile salt d) allosteric enzyme 4. The oxygen binding site in hemoglobin and myoglobin is called: a) BPG b) heme c) proximal-His d) N-terminal carbamate 5. The proximal His residue in hemoglobin and myoglobin binds to which atom or molecule? A) CO2 b) O2 c) Fe d) BPG 6. The distal His residue in hemoglobin and myoglobin binds to which atom or molecule? A) CO2 b) O2 c) Fe d) BPG 7. BPG binds to: a) N-terminal carbamate b) proximal His c) heme group d) central cavity 8. Indirect activity of CO2 is a result of increased concentration of which chemical species? A) BPG b) H+ c) heme iron d) distal His 9. Direct activity of CO2 is a result of binding to which molecular feature? A) the heme group b) the N-terminal ends of the 4 polypeptide chains c) the central cavity d) the proximal His 10. The sigmoidal, cooperative binding curve commonly observed for hemoglobin is a result of: a) competition between CO2 and O2 for heme binding. B) competition between heme and distal His for O2 binding c) competition between BPG and CO2 for binding at the central cavity site d) T to R transition 11. Hemoglobin has a tendency to release its oxygen to the tissues because: a) in this region pH is high and O2 concentrations are low b) in this region both pH and O2 concentrations are low c) in this region both pH and O2 concentrations are high d) there is much BPG in this region 12. Which statement about fetal hemoglobin is not true? A) fetal hemoglobin has gamma chains instead of beta chains b) fetal hemoglobin binds BPG less strongly than maternal hemoglobin c) fetal hemoglobin binds oxygen less strongly than maternal hemoglobin d) fetal hemoglobin binds oxygen more strongly than maternal hemoglobin 13. Which process is most responsible for the sickling of cells seen in sickle cell disease? A) aggregation of the oxygenated R form of hemoglobin-S to form insoluble fibers b) aggregation of the deoxygenated T form of hemoglobin-S to form insoluble fibers c) Hemoglobin-S does not contain heme d) Hemoglobin-S contains a mutant form of heme which will not bind oxygen 14. A person with sickle-cell trait is very unlikely to catch which disease? A) malaria b) colon cancer c) avian flu d) whooping cough 15. A person with a genetic defect which results in the synthesis of an insufficient amount of the alpha chain of hemoglobin is said to have which disease? A) alpha thalassemia b) beta thalassemia c) pernicious anemia d) Crohnâs disease

1. A blood vessel thatbecomes damaged and increases in diameter will fail because thetension in the walls _____ when compared to the previoulsyundamaged vessel.

A. decreases with anincreased diameter

B.decreases withpressure

C. increases with decreasedvessel thickness

D. decreases with increasedvessel thickness

E. increases with anincreased diameter

2. This nerve controls quiet respiration.

A. intercostalnerve

B. phrenic nerve

C. Diaphragmaticnerve

D.vagus nerve

E. pulmonaryplexus

3. Which of the following has no effect on oxyhemoglobindissociation?

A. lactic acid

B. fever

C. high tissue carbon dioxide

D. low ph

E. blood pressure

4. Surfactant of the lungs is created by

A. Oat cells.

B. lungmacrophages.

C. Type Ipneumocytes.

D. Type IIpneumocytes.

E. Goblet Cells

5. What is the medical termused to describe a lung that is no longer exchanging gases due tothe physical collapse of the alveoli (collpased lung)?

		A. apnea
		B.dyspnea
		C. acutebronchitis
		D. atelectasis
		E. asthma

6. If an individual removesthe surfactant from the lungs by inhaling and then exhaling asubstantial quantity of fresh water, the ____.

		A. alveoli would increase indiameter
		B. alveoli would decrease indiameter
		C. bronchioles would increasein diameter
		D. bronchioles would decreasein diameter
		E. vital capacity wouldincrease
		F. anatomical dead air spacewould increase

7. The chemoreceptors thatbest monitor the affects of respiration are found in

		A. the brainstem.
		B. the carotidbaroreceptor.
		C. the aoritcarch.
		D. the kidney.
		E. the cerbrospinalfluid.

8. Henry's Law deals with

		A. the total pressure of agas being made of the partial pressures of theindividual constituents
		B. the volume of a gas isrelated to the temperature and pressure
		C. the pressure of a gas isdirectly related to its velocity
		D. oxygen binding hemoglobinis temperature dependent
		E. oxygen binding hemoglobinis pH dependent

9. The amount of air in excess of tidal volume that can beinhaled with maximum effort is called

		A. vital capacity.
		B. inspiratory reservevolume.
		C. expiratory reservevolume.
		D. residualvolume.
		E. inspiratorycapacity.

10. Large amounts of air in the pleural spaces of a lung willcause the lung to collapse because ___________.

		A. the pressure of thetrapped air prevents inflation of the lung
		B. the trapped air will goout a hole called the pnuemothorax
		C. the lung is not longerstuck to the parietal pleural lining
		D. the lung has lostsurfactant
		E. the air will not beabsorbed outside of an alveoli

11. Most carbon dioxideproduced by cellular metabolism is

		A. carried by the red bloodcells bound to hemoglobin
		B. carried in the bloodplasma as bicarbonate
		C. carried in the red bloodcells as bicarbonate
		D. carried in the plamsa asdissolved gas
		E. carried in the red bloodcell as dissolved gas

12. If I have a blood vessel that doubles in diameter, at the samepressure I would expect about ____ as much blood to go throughit.

		A. 2 times
		B. 4 times
		C. 8 times
		D. 16 times
		E. 32 times
		F. 64 times

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BIOSC 0100 Lecture Notes - Lecture 6: Red Blood Cell, Partial Pressure, Hemoglobin

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