ACC-1A Lecture Notes - Lecture 23: Historical Cost, Financial Statement, Net Present Value

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11 Sep 2020

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Historical cost concern that the method positions the financial statement too much in the past, where there are equally important needs to be recognise in market conditions and predict the future when making decisions. Asset whether market values may actually be better than historical cost, at least in some cases, such as for financial and monetary assets of financial institutions. Pv the likely future payments (if well into the future), rather. Historical cost aka acquisition cost values assets at the amount paid/promised to than just at the estimated cash outflow itself acquire the assets, and values liabilities at the amounts of any associated promises. Info found in transactional evidence e. g. invoices, receipts, contracts, etc. Ability to document cost of asset is a major reason why historical cost is the usual valuation method. Price-level-adjusted historical cost changes in values of particular assets. Adjusts for changes in the value/purchasing power of the dollar, rather than for.

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FASB SFAS 157 was issued September 2006 for application tofinancial statements issued for fiscal years beginning afterNovember 15, 2007, and interim periods within those fiscal years.This Statement, which applies to assets and liabilities, definesfair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value ingenerally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), and expandsdisclosures about fair value measurements. The statement does notapply to assets acquired and liabilities assumed in an acquisitionof a business or non-profit activity by a not-for-profit entitythat are required to be measured at fair value under FASB StatementNo. 164. The objective of a fair value measurement is to determinethe price that would be received to sell the asset or paid totransfer the liability at the measurement date which is the exitprice. The fair value measurement assumes that the asset orliability is exchanged in an orderly transaction between marketparticipants. For assets, fair value measurement assumes thehighest and best use of the asset by market participants,considering the use of the asset that is physically possible,legally permissible, and financially feasible at the measurementdate. The highest and best use of the asset establishes thevaluation premise. For liabilities, it is assumed that theliability is transferred to a market participant at the measurementdate and that the nonperformance risk relating to that liability isthe same before and after its transfer. The fair value of theliability shall reflect the nonperformance risk relating to thatliability. As in our text, the position in the statement is thatvaluation techniques must be consistently applied. It emphasizesthose valuation techniques using the market approach, incomeapproach, and cost approach to measure fair value. In some cases asingle valuing technique may serve the purpose, however in others,using multiple techniques may be more appropriate. The informationthat is available will help to determine which method that shouldbe used. Examples are provided in Appendix A to illustrate thevarious approaches for certain transactions. The statement alsoestablishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs tovaluation techniques used to measure fair value by placing theminto three broad levels in order to increase consistency andprovide better comparability. Level 1 is given the highest priorityand is based on quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets foridentical assets or liabilities that the reporting entity has theability to access at the measurement date. Level 2 is based oninformation other than quoted prices included within Level 1 thatare observable for the asset or liability, either directly orindirectly through substantiation with observable market data.Level 3 has the lowest priority and is based on unobservable inputsfor the asset or liability, primarily, inputs that reflect thereporting entityâs own assumptions.

Follow-Up Discussion Expand upon any of the points identified byyour classmates and/or ask for clarification on points that you donot understand.

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Unit 6 GAAP Application-Conceptual Framework of Accounting TheConceptual Framework allows for the systematic adaptation ofaccounting standards to a changing business environment. The FASBuses the conceptual framework to aid in an organized and consistentdevelopment of new accounting standards. The conceptual frameworkoutlines the objectives of financial reporting and the qualities ofgood accounting information, precisely defines commonly used termssuch as asset and revenue, and provides guidance about appropriaterecognition, measurement, and reporting. Understanding theterminology associated with the framework is imperative. Match thenumbered statements below with the lettered terms. An answer(letter) may used more than once, and some terms require more thanone answer (letter). 1. Key ingredients in quality of relevance. 2.Traditional assumptions that influence the FASB's conceptualframework. 3. The idea that information should represent what itpurports to represent. 4. An important constraint relating to costsand benefits. 5. An example of conservatism 6. The availability ofinformation when it is needed. 7. Recording an item in theaccounting records. 8. Determines the threshold for recognition. 9.Implies consensus. 10. Transactions between independent parties. a)Cost-effectiveness b) Representational faithfulness c) Recognitiond) Verifiability e) Time periods f) Unrealized g) Completeness h)Timeliness i) Materiality j) Predictive value k) Economic entity l)Lower-of-cost-or-market rule m) Phrenology n) Arm's-lengthtransactions Now that you have reviewed the terminology, for eachsituation listed below, indicate by letter the appropriatequalitative characteristic(s) or accounting concept(s) applied. Aletter may be used more than once, and more than one characteristicor concept may apply to a particular situation. Explain why youchose your answer.

1. Goodwill is recorded in the accounts only when it arises fromthe purchase of another entity at a price higher than the fairmarket value of the purchased entity's identifiable assets. 2. Landis valued at cost. 3. All payments out of petty cash are debited toMiscellaneous Expense. 4. Plant assets are classified separately asland or buildings, with an accumulated depre-ciation account forbuildings. 5. Periodic payments of $1,500 per month for services ofH. Hay, who is the sole propri-etor of the company, are reported aswithdrawals. 6. Small tools used by a large manufacturing firm are^recorded as expenses when purchased. 7. Investments in equitysecurities are initially recorded at cost. 8. A retail storeestimates inventory rather than taking a complete physical countfor purposes of preparing monthly financial statements. 9. A notedescribing the company's possible liability in a lawsuit isincluded with the financial statements even though no formalliability exists at the balance sheet date. 10. Depreciation onplant assets is consistently computed each year by thestraight-line method. a) Understandability b) Verifiability c)Timeliness d) Representational faithfulness e) Neutrality f)Relevance g) Going concern h) Economic entity i) Historical cost j)Measurability k) Materiality l) Comparability Type your answers ina Word Document, and submit to the Drop Box.

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GAAP Application-Conceptual Framework of Accounting the ConceptualFramework allows for the systematic adaptation of accountingstandards to a changing business environment. The FASB uses theconceptual framework to aid in an organized and consistentdevelopment of new accounting standards. The conceptual frameworkoutlines the objectives of financial reporting and the qualities ofgood accounting information, precisely defines commonly used termssuch as asset and revenue, and provides guidance about appropriaterecognition, measurement, and reporting. Understanding theterminology associated with the framework is imperative. Match thenumbered statements below with the lettered terms. An answer(letter) may used more than once, and some terms require more thanone answer (letter). 1. Key ingredients in quality of relevance. 2.Traditional assumptions that influence the FASB's conceptualframework. 3. The idea that information should represent what itpurports to represent. 4. An important constraint relating to costsand benefits. 5. An example of conservatism 6. The availability ofinformation when it is needed. 7. Recording an item in theaccounting records. 8. Determines the threshold for recognition. 9.Implies consensus. 10. Transactions between independent parties. a)Cost-effectiveness b) Representational faithfulness c) Recognitiond) Verifiability e) Time periods f) Unrealized g) Completeness h)Timeliness i) Materiality j) Predictive value k) Economic entity l)Lower-of-cost-or-market rule m) Phrenology n) Arm's-lengthtransactions Now that you have reviewed the terminology, for eachsituation listed below, indicate by letter the appropriatequalitative characteristic(s) or accounting concept(s) applied. Aletter may be used more than once, and more than one characteristicor concept may apply to a particular situation. Explain why youchose your answer.

1. Goodwill is recorded in the accounts only when it arises fromthe purchase of another entity at a price higher than the fairmarket value of the purchased entity's identifiable assets. 2. Landis valued at cost. 3. All payments out of petty cash are debited toMiscellaneous Expense. 4. Plant assets are classified separately asland or buildings, with an accumulated depreciation account forbuildings. 5. Periodic payments of $1,500 per month for services ofH. Hay, who is the sole proprietor of the company, are reported aswithdrawals. 6. Small tools used by a large manufacturing firm are^recorded as expenses when purchased. 7. Investments in equitysecurities are initially recorded at cost. 8. A retail storeestimates inventory rather than taking a complete physical countfor purposes of preparing monthly financial statements. 9. A notedescribing the company's possible liability in a lawsuit isincluded with the financial statements even though no formalliability exists at the balance sheet date. 10. Depreciation onplant assets is consistently computed each year by thestraight-line method. a) Understandability b) Verifiability c)Timeliness d) Representational faithfulness e) Neutrality f)Relevance g) Going concern h) Economic entity i) Historical cost j)Measurability k) Materiality l) Comparability

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ACC-1A Lecture Notes - Lecture 23: Historical Cost, Financial Statement, Net Present Value

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