BIOL 01104 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Null Hypothesis, Confounding, Observational Study
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Lab Topic 1: The Process of Science
Introduction
1. Which of the following questions would you consider appropriate scientific questions that can be tested using the scientific method? For the statements that can be tested using the scientific method, explain how your experiment would be set up. Explain the different steps in the scientific method as they relate to this statement.
a. Does the pH of the soil affect the color of hydrangea flowers?
b. What properties of the soil influence the color of hydrangea flowers?
c. Do hydrangeas look more beautiful when grown in the right soil?
d. Was The Day After Tomorrow a better movie than Terminator?
e. Does grass require fertilizer in order to grow?
2. Read this hypothesis and answer the questions below:
Plants kept closer to windows grow larger than plants kept several feet away from windows.
a. Indicate the dependent variable:
b. Indicate the independent variable:
c. List 3 other variables that must be kept constant in this experiment (the control variables).
d. Write a prediction based on the above hypothesis.
Exercise 1.1
Take a Deep Breath
Students will need to take a picture of themselves or their group walking up and down on the step or doing other exercise. Include a note with your name and date on an index card in the picture. Insert picture here:
1. Identify the following in the experimental design. You will need to refer to the protocol to answer this question.
a. Independent variable:
b. Dependent variable:
c. Experimental dataset:
d. Control dataset:
e. Hypothesis:
2. Fill in the data for each individual in your group for the Breath experiment.
Length of time breath can be held (seconds) | |||
Individual Tested | Resting | After 1 minutes of exercise | After 5 minutes of exercise |
Average (take the average for each column) |
3. Look at the averages for all individuals in your group. Was the hypothesis you stated in the previous question supported by the âaverage dataâ? Explain your answer!!!
4. Now look at the data for each individual separately. Was there data for anyone in your group that did not support the hypothesis? If yes, explain whythis could be.
5. How many replicates did your group have?________________ Why is it good to have more than one replicate?
Exercise 1.2
Letâs Graph
In this exercise, you will be graphing the data that you collected in exercise 1.1.
1. In exercise 1.1, you identified the independent and dependent variables. Which one goes on the X axis of the graph and which goes on the Y axis?
2. Will you make a line or a bar graph of your data? Explain why you chose this type of graph.
3. You will need to use excel to generate a graph of your data. On this graph, you will need to label the title, independent variable, dependent variable and possibly the legend. You will need to select an appropriate scale so the data is spread out on the graph.
*Consult with your instructor to see how he/she would like for you to submit your graph. You might work on it in class and submit it through D2L or you might submit it at a different time. If you are taking the online version of the class, you will need to use Excel or word to make the graph.
Exercise 1.3
You will need to get the data under exercise 1.3 in the protocol sheet to complete these sections.
1. What is the dependent variable?
2. What is the independent variable?
3. Which, if any, of these individuals has diabetes? ___A or B ___?
4. What data do you have to support your hypothesis?
5. Construct a graph showing the time after eating each group had the greatest blood glucose levels.
Chose the correct answers on one through 15(plese help)
1.A research group hypothesizes that successful infection by HIVdepends upon the expression of FSH3, a human gene. They overexpressthis gene in T cells (Which HIV normally infects) so that FSH3protein levels are very high in these cells. In other T-cells, theymutate FSH3 so that none of its encoded protein is made. They thenmeasure HIV infection rate in the control, overexpression, andmutant T cells. The three cultures are otherwise grown in the sameway.
What is the independent variable(s) in this experiment? (Selectall correct answers)
FSH3 protein levels | ||
The medium in which cells are grown | ||
The temperature at which cells are grown | ||
HIV resistance of cells |
Question 2
Which arises from an error in a measurement or observation?
Technical variability | ||
Biological variability | ||
Standard error | ||
Standard deviation |
Question 3
Use the following description of an experiment to answer thenext question.
A research group hypothesizes that successful infection by HIVdepends upon the expression of FSH3, a human gene. They overexpressthis gene in T cells (Which HIV normally infects) so that FSH3protein levels are very high in these cells. In other T-cells, theymutate FSH3 so that none of its encoded protein is made. They thenmeasure HIV infection rate in the control, overexpression, andmutant T cells. The three cultures are otherwise grown in the sameway.
What is the control group(s) in this experiment? (Select allcorrect answers)
The unaltered T cells | ||
The medium in which cells are grown | ||
The T cells in which FSH3 is mutated | ||
The T cells overexpressing FSH3 |
Question 4
How many of the following statements are true?
I. All papers have an abstract, methods, results, and discussionsection
II. The methods always follows the introduction
0 | ||
2 | ||
1 |
Question 5
If scientific convention states that when a P value of less than0.05 is considered significant (in other words, the two groupsbeing measured are actually different), this means that: (Selectall correct answers)
If you were to repeat the experiment 100 times, there would notbe a significant difference between the groups in 5 of theexperiments | ||
95% of all conclusions that state two groups are not differentbased on a 0.5% p-value threshold are false negatives | ||
The groups are actually not different from each other 95% of thetime | ||
5% of all conclusions that state two groups are different basedon a 0.5% p-value threshold are false positives |
What information is typically found in the introduction sectionof a paper? (Select all that apply)
The dependent and independent variables within the study | ||
Which areas of the field are not well understood and whatquestion the study addresses | ||
How the main question of the paper is related to other researchin the field. | ||
How previous work forms the basis for the current study | ||
The purpose of the study | ||
Details of the approaches used | ||
A summary of relevant related studies |
Question 7
How can you judge for yourself whether the conclusions reachedin a paper are valid? (Select all that apply)
Read papers of other authors studying the same question or areaof inquiry | ||
Determine if each hypothesis is supported by different types ofevidence/approaches. | ||
Consider closely whether the data actually both addresses andsupports the authorâs hypothesis. | ||
Examine the amount of data in the paper, and how long the paperis. | ||
Whether the authors find a mechanism, or exactly how on variableaffects another. | ||
Interpret the data for yourself without looking the discussion,then compare your interpretations to that of the authorâs. |
Question 8
Where can you usually find the institutional affiliations (wherethey work) of the authors?
Within the discussion | ||
In the acknowledgements section | ||
Below the authors list | ||
This is not usually included in papers |
Question 9
Other than publishing primary research articles, what is themain way scientists disseminate their results?
Lab meetings | ||
Personal correspondence | ||
Conference seminars | ||
Public lectures |
Question 10
Use the following description of an experiment to answer thenext question.
A research group hypothesizes that successful infection by HIVdepends upon the expression of FSH3, a human gene. They overexpressthis gene in T cells (Which HIV normally infects) so that FSH3protein levels are very high in these cells. In other T-cells, theymutate FSH3 so that none of its encoded protein is made. They thenmeasure HIV infection rate in the control, overexpression, andmutant T cells. The three cultures are otherwise grown in the sameway.
What is the experimental group(s) in this experiment? (Selectall correct answers)
Each group is its own control | ||
The T cells overexpressing FSH3 | ||
The T cells in which FSH3 is mutated | ||
The unaltered T cells |