BIOL 01203 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Peptide, Amine, Ammonia

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18 Jul 2018

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Homework 3: bacteria are known to change the kinds of fatty acids they produce as the temperature of their environment changes. C-c*-n-c-c*-n-c-c*-nh2 (carbons with an asterisk are alpha carbons: the ph of cola beverages is around 3, while the ph of battery acid is around 1. If the concentration of protons in wine is approximately one-tenth that in cola, what is the ph of wine? battery acid is 100 times more acidic than cola. The ph of wine is 4: in the polypeptide backbone c-c-n-c-c- n-c-c-nh2, identify the alpha carbons. Increasing the ph of a solution would (1) suppress the dissociation of a carboxylic acid, (2) increase the charge on an amino group, (3) increase the dissociation of a carboxylic acid, (4) suppress the charge on an amino group.

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Need help with biology questions:

1. To increase the excretion of an acidic drug, what would you do to the urine?

	A.	Make it more basic
	B.	None of the above
	C.	Make it neutral
	D.	Make it more acidic

2. G-Protein coupled receptors directly act on which of the following secondary messenger molecules:

	A.	cAMP
	B.	ATP
	C.	ADP
	D.	GTP
	E.	None of the above or more than one of the above

3. Drug A and Drug B both produce the same level of biological/physiological response. Drug A produces this effect with 100 mg/kg dose. Drug B produces this effect with 50 mg/kg dose. Which of the following is true?:

	A.	Drug B is more efficacious than Drug A. Both drugs are equally potent.
	B.	Drug A is more efficacious than Drug B. Both drugs are equally potent.
	C.	Drug A and B are equally efficacious. Drug A is more potent than Drug B.
	D.	Drug A and B are equally efficacious. Drug B is more potent than Drug A.

4. The stomach has a ______ pH, whereas the small intestines have a _______ pH. The colon has an approximately ___________ pH.

	A.	High; low; neutral
	B.	Low; high; neutral
	C.	Low; neutral; neutral
	D.	None of the above

5. Which receptor is most likely to reduce norepinephrine levels when activated?

	A.	alpha 2 adrenergic
	B.	alpha 1 adrenergic
	C.	dopamine D1 receptors

6. Which of the following statements are FALSE?

	A.	If the Vd of a drug is between 60 and 80 L the drug has likely distributed to the total body water of a 200 kg man.
	B.	In the enterohepatic system the activity of bacteria to remove conjugates from a drug in the gut will decrease the clearance of the drug.
	C.	Lipid drugs are more likely to be reabsorbed by the kidney from the urine.
	D.	A weak basic drug (pKa = 6) will be mostly ionized in urine of a pH= 3 and only the non- ionized drug will be eliminated.
	E.	The major conjugate in Phase 2 metabolism is glucuronide.

7. Isoproterenol (Î²-agonist) is a vasodilator that increases HR. What happens to systolic and diastolic pressures upon IV administration of isoproterenol?

	A.	â systolic; â diastolic
	B.	â systolic; â diastolic
	C.	â systolic; â diastolic
	D.	â systolic; â diastolic
	E.	None of the above

8. If you want to increase the blood concentration of a drug A, you can perform which of the following procedures:

	A.	Inhibit Drug A metabolism with Drug B
	B.	Enhance Drug A reabsorption from renal proximal tubule by changing ionization of Drug A with Drug B
	C.	Allow competition of Drug B with Drug A for active renal secretion processes
	D.	Increase the binding of Drug A to serum albumin
	E.	All of the above

9. Which of the following describes Phase I metabolism?

	A.	Inactive products are always produced in this phase.
	B.	Large molecules such as glucuronic acid are conjugated to drugs in this phase.
	C.	This phase may produce active metabolites from prodrugs.
	D.	This phase only occurs in the liver.

10. Which of the following is NOT an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of biogenic amines?

	A.	Phenylethanolamine N-methyl Transferase
	B.	Dopamine Î²-hydroxylase
	C.	Tyrosine dehydroxylase
	D.	DOPA decarboxylase
	E.	All of the above

11. Why would an antibiotic at the same concentration be more active against bacteria in water than in serum or plasma? (Activity is measured in a test tube)

	A.	activity of the antibiotic is increased in water.
	B.	due to drug-protein interaction in serum
	C.	the antibiotic is more stable in water
	D.	all of the above
	E.	none of the above

12. Ion channels are targets for drugs. Which drug class targets Na+ channels?

	A.	Benzodiazepines
	B.	Beta blockers
	C.	Local anesthetics
	D.	Antihypertensive drugs (cardiac and smooth muscle)
	E.	Glibenclimide (diabetic drug)

13. _________________ not metabolized by catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT).

	A.	Dopamine
	B.	Epinephrine
	C.	Phenylephrine
	D.	Norepinephrine
	E.	All of the above are metabolized by COMT.

1. Immediately after the poster presentations, Aaron and Kyledecide to take an impromptu trip to Yellowstone. It is a long driveand as they make their way up north and, Aaron (not unexpectedly)begins to tease Kyle, âKyle, you remind me the most of amicroorganism in Volume 1 of Bergeyâs Manual of SystematicBacteriology. This
microorganism can take a lot of heat, in fact its optimal growthtemperature is 181.4ÂºF. However, it is also quite a nuisance as itcan cause corrosion of iron and steel in gas processing systems byforming FeS.â To which microorganism is Aaron referring
a. Sulfolobus solfataricus
b. Clostridium deficil
c. Desulfovibrio desulfuricans
d. Pyrococcus furiosus
e. Archaeoglobus fulgidus

2. Kyle, ignoring Aaron, returns his attention to his Microbiologytextbook where he is
reading about the Thermoproteus tenax that he hopes to observe inNorris Geyser Basin.Kyle reads all of the following about T. tenaxEXCEPT?
a. T. tenax is a thermoacidiphilic member of the phylumCrenarchaeota.
b. T. tenax has phospholipids that differ from those ofthermophilic bacteria. Namely
the linkages that connect the hydrocarbon side chains to theglycerol backbone are
different (ether rather than ester linkages).
c. The peptidoglycan of T. tenax contains unusual D-amino acidsthat cross-link the
N-acetylmuramic acid residues of the glycan chains.
d. The genes of T. tenax are under control of promoters that aresimilar to eukaryotic
promoters.

3. Kyle and Aaron arrive in West Yellowstone, pack their backpacks(Kyle carefully places his Microbiology text into the top of hispack), and clip into their skis. As they ski towards MadisonJunction, Aaron notices the thick mat of Cyanobacteria along
Yellowstone River. The two stop and Kyle pulls out a tinymicroscope that Aaron did not even know he had. After observing thebacteria in the matt, Kyle states that it looks like Nostoc andthat he can see the heterocysts. Aaron immediately realizes thatthese heterocysts
a. lack the ability to oxidize water.
b. contain the enzyme nitrogenase.
c. cannot perform noncyclic photophosphorylation.
d. provide ammonia to other cells of the trichome.
e. all of the above

4. Aaron and Kyle hit the skis again and by the time the sun issetting, they have made their way to Norris Geyser Basin. Aftersetting up their tents, Kyle pulls out some âlightâ bedtimereading: Since its original discovery in Congress Pool, a thermalfeature at Yellowstoneâs Norris Geyser Basin with an averagetemperature of 80oC and average pH of 3.0 (Brock et al. 1972),species of the genus ______________ have been isolated from varioussolfataric fields [in] Pisciarelli, Italy (Zillig et al.1980);
â¦Sogasel, Iceland (Zillig et al. 1994); and â¦ from Japanâs BeppuHot Springs (Suzuki et al. 2002)._____________ species aregenerally aerobic and [although] heterotrophic growth has beenreported, autotrophicâoxidation of S2O32-, S4O62-, So and S2- tosulphuric acid,â¦ has been [primarily] described (Shivvers and Brock1973; SchÃ¶nheit and SchÃ¤fer 1995). (Brouns et. al., GeothermalBiology and Geochemistry in Yellowstone National Park) Kyle readsthis passage out loud and tells Aaron to fill in the blank with thecorrect genus name
a. Methanococcus
b. Thermoproteus
c. Picrophilus
d. Sulfolobus
e. Halobacterium

5. The next morning Aaron and Kyle wake up bright and early to thesmell of H2S gas and the sound of skis on the snow. They pop theirheads out of their tents and see Nikki andJeslyn ski up. Aaron canjust overhear Nikki and Jeslyn discussing certain
microorganisms. Of all of the statements that Aaron overhears,which is the only
INCORRECT statement?

a. âAlthough found in the environment, it would be easiest toisolate Paleococcus
from the feces of a ruminant.â
b. âThermoplasma could be isolated from a refuse pile at a coalmine.â
c. âHalobacterium salinarium could be isolated from the Great SaltLake or the
Dead Sea.â
d. âBecause Picrophilus can tolerate more acidic environments, itwould be more
likely to be found in certain solfateras where the pH drops below1.â

6. Aaron and Kyle decide to join Nikki and Jeslyn as they all walkaround the boardwalk of Norris Geyser basin. On theirwalkabout
a. they observe red zones created by the pigments of Halobacteriumsalinarium.
b. they smell methane gas produced by the resident population ofDesulfovibrio.
c. they recognize yellow zones in which they know a residentpopulation of
thermoacidophilic members of the phylum Crenarchaeota live.
d. All of the above
e. A and B

7. The beauty of the microbial zones is, at this point, simply toomuch for Aaron to take and he stops on the boardwalk and declaresthat he is going to get a PhD in microbiology and specialize inarchaeal metabolism. Nikki thinks this sounds like a pretty goodplan and reminds Aaron that with such a credential he could workfor/in ________________.
a. academia
b. medical research
c. industry2
d. NASA (http://exobiology.nasa.gov/)
e. All of the above

8.Unlike fungi, plants and animals, protists
a. lack complex tissue organization.
b. are prokaryotes
c. contain peptidoglycan in their cell walls
d. are always photoheterotrophic.

9. Giardia intestinalis
a. utilizes aerobic respiration to generate energy.
b. is a trypanosome.
c. is in the supergroup Excavata.
d. is found only in marine environments.

10. Hannah P. decides to spend her day out riding fences andchecking on the cattle tanks.After visiting two of the tanks,Hannah becomes concerned as she sees a red surface bloom on both.She remembers from microbiology that this âbloomâ is
a. caused by Euglena.
b. caused by Trypanosoma gambiense.
c. caused by a protist that is motile via pseudopodia.
d. the primary cause of amoebic dysentery in humans.

BIOL 01203 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Peptide, Amine, Ammonia

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