01:512:104 Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: Francis Scott Key, Impressment, Embargo Act Of 1807
13 May 2018
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Chapter 09 - Defining the Nation, 1801-1823
I. Introduction
Thomas Jefferson’s inauguration heralded a change from the Federalist-
controlled government that had preceded. The nation’s political system
became better defined and its nationalistic and international positions grew
clearer over the next 15 years.
II. The Jefferson Presidency and the Marshall Court
A. Jefferson’s Inaugural
In his inaugural address, Jefferson tried to heal the wounds of the 1800
campaign by appealing to the electorate as citizens with shared common
beliefs.
B. Democratic-Republican Ascendancy
Jefferson refused to recognize any of Adams’s late-term Federalist
appointments and where possible filled government positions with loyal
Democratic-Republicans. Secretary of the Treasury, Albert Gallatin, cut the
federal budget and moved to reduce the national debt.
C. War on the Judiciary
Jefferson had Congress repeal the Judiciary Act of 1801. The Democratic-
Republican Congress also impeached and removed Federal District Judge
John Pickering. They could not, however, remove Supreme Court Justice
Samuel Chase.
D. John Marshall
As Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, John Marshall upheld federal
supremacy over the states and protected the interests of commerce and
capital. Under Marshall, the Court became an equal branch of the
government.
E. Marbury v. Madison
In this case, John Marshall ended criticism that the Supreme Court functioned
as a partisan instrument. He also advanced the concept of judicial review,
enhancing the independence of the judiciary.
III. Louisiana and Lewis and Clark
A. Louisiana
Spain’s decision to deny Americans the right to store their products at New
Orleans prior to transshipment to foreign markets and the subsequent transfer
of the Louisiana Territory to the French, threatened the American economy.
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B. Louisiana Purchase
James Monroe joined Robert Livingston in France with orders to buy New
Orleans. Napoleon offered all 827,000 square miles of the Territory to the
United States for fifteen million dollars.
C. Lewis and Clark
Meriwether Lewis and William Clark were commissioned by President
Jefferson to head an exploratory expedition to the Pacific coast.
D. Corps of Discovery
The Corps of Discovery was a diverse groups consisting of immigrants,
Clark’s slave York, the French Canadian trader Toussaint Charbonneau and
his Shoshone wife, Sacagawea. The expedition brought valuable information
on the West to an expansion-minded United States.
E. Exploration of the West
Zebulon Pike’s wanderings led him to tour and describe Spanish holdings.
IV. Political Factionalism and Jefferson’s Reelection
A. A New Style of Campaigning
Popular campaigning and political organization would become an essential
part of the new style of democracy. Several younger Federalists decided to
emulate the political style of the Democratic-Republicans.
B. Grassroots Electioneering
The new style of campaign was symbolized by political barbecues.
Federalists, however, never mastered the art of campaigning.
C. Hamilton-Burr Duel
In American politics in the early nineteenth century, divisiveness and personal
animosities were as strong a force as ideology. And, as seen in the Hamilton-
Burr duel, political disagreements sometimes erupted into violence. In the
famous duel, Burr killed Hamilton. Burr then conspired to create a political
empire in the Southwest. Tried for treason, he was acquitted and fled to
Europe.
D. Jefferson’s Reelection
Jefferson carried 15 of 17 states in the 1804 election.
E. Indian Resistance
F. The Prophet
Before the War of 1812, Shawnee brothers Tecumseh and Prophet attempted
to create an Indian federation. Prophet (Lalawethika) claimed to have returned
from the dead, and he encouraged Indians not to fear whites.
G. Tecumseh
Prophet and Tecumseh encouraged resistance. Tecumseh turned Prophet’s
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Document Summary
Chapter 09 - defining the nation, 1801-1823: introduction. Thomas jefferson"s inauguration heralded a change from the federalist- controlled government that had preceded. The nation"s political system became better defined and its nationalistic and international positions grew clearer over the next 15 years. The jefferson presidency and the marshall court: jefferson"s inaugural. In his inaugural address, jefferson tried to heal the wounds of the 1800 campaign by appealing to the electorate as citizens with shared common beliefs: democratic-republican ascendancy. Jefferson refused to recognize any of adams"s late-term federalist appointments and where possible filled government positions with loyal. Secretary of the treasury, albert gallatin, cut the federal budget and moved to reduce the national debt: war on the judiciary. Jefferson had congress repeal the judiciary act of 1801. Republican congress also impeached and removed federal district judge. They could not, however, remove supreme court justice.
