01:119:115 Lecture Notes - Lecture 16: Lac Operon, Rna Polymerase Ii, Lactose Permease

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beigehornet828

27 Sep 2016

School

Rutgers University

Department

Biological Science

Course

01:119:115

Professor

Daniel Stern Cardinale

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Document Summary

Gene regulation: gene expression is highly regulated. Specific subset of genes are active in each cell. Some genes will always be on (a. 1. b. 1) constitutive genes (a. 1. b. 1. a) constant stream of transcription and translation (a. 1. b. 1. a. i) Housekeeping genes (a. 1. b. 1. b) always being expressed (a. 1. b. 1. c) encode proteins that are always needed (a. 1. b. 1. c. i) It is energetically ineffective/not good to express all genes at all times (a. 1. c. 1. a) it all depends on the regulatory environment (a. 1. c. 2) examples (a. 1. c. 2. a) muscles - contraction (a. 1. c. 2. b) neurons - signal transduction (a. 1. c. 2. c) wbcs - immune: bacterial gene regulation. First to demonstrate gene regulation in e. coli. Human drinks milks e. coli needs to be able to digest milk needs to be regulated e. coli digests lactose. Induction: turning on gene expression (turning on a gene) (a. 2. a. 1) only affects facultative genes. Inducer: compound that stimulates the synthesis of an enzyme/gene expression (make above happen) (a. 2. b. 1)

Related Questions

Most biologists argue that the regulation of gene expression isconsiderably more complex in eukaryotes than in bacteria. List thefour factors that in your view make the largest contribution tothis perception.

Select the four correct statements.

1.	The coordinated regulation of sets of genes devoted to a singlefunction (e.g. metabolic pathways) allows minimal wasting of acell's resources on unneeded proteins and metabolites.
2.	Multicellularity and cell-type specificity is frequent ineukaryotes and requires organisms to regulate large suites of genesin a cell-type-specific manner.
3.	The chromatin structure of eukaryotic genomes allows thedifferential packaging of genes to be used in regulation.
4.	Posttranslational processing of proteins allows cells toregulate the function of proteins after their synthesis by covalentmodification, transport, or both.
5.	The extensive use of attenuation allows eukaryotes to fine-tunetranscriptional activity of a cell according to environmentalsignals.
6.	Eukaryotic cells possess a nucleus, which separatestranscription from translation and allows RNA processing andtransport to be used in regulation.

turquoisegrasshopper193

1. What reaction is catalyzed by reverse transcriptase and used in the laboratory to generate cDNA?

a. transcription of RNA to DNA

b. transcription of DNA to RNA

c. conversion of ribonucleotides into deoxyribonucleotides

d. translation of RNA to DNA

e. conversion of a ribonucleotide to a DNA double helix

2. In eukaryotic cells, _________determine the amount of mRNA arising from a particular gene.

a. transcriptional-level controls

b. RNA processing-level controls

c. translational-level controls

d. replication-level controls

e. b and c

3. In eukaryotic cells, _________determine how a primary transcript is converted to mature mRNA

a. transcriptional-level controls

b. RNA processing-level controls

c. translational-level controls

d. replication-level controls

e. a and d

4. In eukaryotic cells, _________determine when a particular mRNA is actually used in protein synthesis.

a. transcriptional-level controls

b. RNA processing-level controls

c. translational-level controls

d. replication-level controls

e. None of the above because protein synthesis takes place immediately

5. Under what circumstances do cells selectively activate and suppress their genes?

a. at different stages of embryonic development

b. in different tissues

c. exposure to different types of stimuli

d. No such circumstances exist in natureâcells express all their genes throughout life.

e. a, b and c

6. Which statement about the control of gene expression is FALSE?

a. A single gene may be controlled by different transcription factors.

b. A single transcription factor may be necessary for the expression of different genes.

c. Each cell type has a characteristic pattern of gene transcription, which is determined by the particular complement of transcription factors contained in that cell.

d. Expression of protein genes is primarily controlled in nucleoli

e. Control of gene transcription is complex and influenced by various circumstances.

7. What is thought to maintain X chromosome inactivation in females?

a. DNA acetylation

b. DNA methylation

c. RNA inactivation

d. Histone methylation

e. None of the above because both X chromosomes are active in females and males.

crimsonplatypus494

QUESTION 1

How is a bone marrow transplant able to treat someone with leukemia?

		The donor blood contains antibodies that destroy cancer cells
		Donor blood contains stem cells that regenerate cells in the immune system
		Bone marrow contains induced pluripotent stem cells that turn into red blood cells
		Bone marrow contains tumor supressor genes that slow down leukemia growth
		Bone marrow contains pluripotent human embryonic stem cells

1.2 points

QUESTION 2

What would happen if siRNAs designed to target mRNA from an oncogene were introduced into cancer cells?

		Increased genomic instability would result from adding foreign nucleic acids
		New mutations would arise in the oncogene
		The oncogene would be converted back into a proto-oncogene
		The siRNAs would compete with the oncogene's active site
		Production of the oncogene protein would decrease

1.2 points

QUESTION 3

What is the purpose of chromatin-remodeling enzymes in human cells?

		The enzymes control the rate of translation of an mRNA transcript
		The enzymes add phosphate or methyl groups to histone tails
		The enzymes slide nucleosomes farther apart or closer to each other
		The enzymes send damaged proteins to the proteasome for degradation
		The enzymes cause DNA looping to occur

1.2 points

QUESTION 4

If you wanted to resurrect the mammoth, how would you do it?

		Use somatic cell nuclear transfer to insert the mammoth genome into the egg of an elephant
		Use transcription factors to re-program adult cells from elephants into mammoth cells
		Change the gene expression patterns of elephants to increase production of mammoth genes
		Use siRNAs to decrease expression of elephant-specific genes in an elephant embryo

1.2 points

QUESTION 5

How is eukaryotic transcription initiated?

		RNA polymerase is recruited to the start codon by transcription factors
		RNA polymerase begins transcription at the enhancer sequence
		RNA polymerase is activated by binding to GTP
		An initiator tRNA binds to the ribosome
		A complex of proteins forms at the promoter of a gene

01:119:115 Lecture Notes - Lecture 16: Lac Operon, Rna Polymerase Ii, Lactose Permease

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