01:506:201 Lecture Notes - Lecture 29: Benito Mussolini, East-Central Europe, Europe 1
17 May 2018
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Chapter 29
The World in the 1920s: Challenges to European Dominance
1. Introduction
1. Introduction
1. Responses to Crisis
1. Revolutionary regimes
2. Authoritarian Political Systems
2. Three major patterns
1. Western Europe - economically/politically incomplete
1. But culturally creative
2. Growth of Japan and the United States
3. Impact of 1920s Revolutions in China, Mexico and
Russia
2. Diplomatic Deafness
1. Methods of protest
1. India - Gandhi - Hinduism tradition + criticized
caste/gender
2. Turkey - military force + diplomacy
1. Deaf guy uses disability as negotiating
technique
2. The Disarray of Western Europe, 1918-1929
1. Introduction
1. War messed up European economy, diplomacy,
governments
1. Hapsburg and German empire end
2. Devestating material and psychological impact - lost
generation
1. Huge deb - not enough taxes - not a popular war idea
2. The Roaring Twenties
1. Happy joy joy feelings in mid-1920s
1. Germany wants to be friends
2. Nations agree to never go to war again - Kellogg-
Briand Pact
2. Clash of values
1. Right wing - return to authoritarian regime
1. Good ol' days of national honor
2. Left wing splits - authoritarian or...
1. Let's try that fun communism idea
3. Ummm...what happened to the middle - why
polarization
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3. But...people getting wealthy and can buy more stuff -
radios/cars/appliances
4. New art - film, geometric art (cubist), new play styles, books
w/ funky plots
1. Defiance of traditional styles - conflict conservatives
vs. radicals
5. Science advances - people can't even understand it - too
specialized
6. Women - critical gains
1. Women suffrage in Britain, Germany, US
2. More fashion/leisure freedom - prosperity + declining
birth rate
3. Sexual promiscuity on rise - some even dance -
naughty
1. Conservative backlash - women's place in the
home
7. Industrialization - cult of efficiency - manager's
organize/discipline masses
3. Fascism in Italy
1. Benito Mussolini creates fascio di combattimeno (union for
struggle)
1. Nationalistic, strong leader, violent methods
appropriate
2. Don't want inefficient parliament or socialist class
struggle - need leader
3. Catalysts - anger over Italy's gains after WWI
1. Plus...labor problems...have to control crabby
workers
2. Italian King eventually asks Mussolini to help - best option
1. Parliament inefficient, but communism was scary
3. Mussolini takes power - steps to victory
1. Eliminate opposition - suspend elections
2. State control of economy
3. Glories of military conquest
4. Demonstrated that parliamentary rule not the best idea
4. The New Nations of East Central Europe
1. Tougher to fix situation in Eastern Europe - more rural
based
2. Fixated on nationalistic issues
1. Waahh...I want more territory, I don't want to focus on
domestic issues
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3. Tried parliamentary structure, but ended with monarch or
dictator
1. Ahhhh...notice the cycle of revolution
2. Supported by huge landlords who needed to put down
peasant revolts
3. III. Industrial Societies Outside Europe
1. Introduction
1. 1921 - Commonwealth of Canada, Australia and New
Zealand considered as equals
1. United by crown, but no hierarchy - no subjugated
peoples
2. Canada finds economic success
1. Immigration, transnational railroad, exported
food, natural resources
3. Australia started on social legislation agenda
1. Government involved in solving labor problems
2. Government contols infrastructure
3. New international pride
2. The Rise of the American Colossus
1. America - isolationist or interventionist
1. Enters war late, but still active in Latin America
2. Severely anti-communism - Red Scare
3. Senate ignores League of Nations
2. Economic boom in 1920s
1. Gov't supports business at expense of labor
2. High tariffs/low taxes
3. Small companies combine > big conglomerates -
return to monopoly
4. Huge consumer culture - installment buying
3. Industrialization innovators
1. Research and development departments + assembly
line
2. Most efficient ways to boost output
4. Cultural innovation
1. Jazz, marketing, Hollywood
2. Hollywood stars begin to symbolize sexual ideal
3. Western Europe now follows US styles
3. Japan and Its Empire
1. A bit like Germany and Italy
1. Parliament tested w/ Depression – fails test
2. Fewer people vote
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