01:506:201 Lecture Notes - Lecture 35: Chiang Kai-Shek, Douglas Macarthur, Civilization Iv
17 May 2018
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Chapter 35
Rebirth and Revolution: Nation-Building in East Asia and the Pacific Rim
1. Introduction
1. Japan the anomaly in non-Western societies
1. Fought imperialism & high level of industrialization
2. Imitation of Western rivals - imperialist tendencies
2. Korea has also emerged as leading industrial center
3. China and Vietnam resemble other emerging nations
1. Suffered from exploitive terms of exchange w/ West
2. Had to deal with underdevelopment, overpopulation
3. And...poverty and environmental degradation
4. Sound familiar?
5. But...they also saw collapse of 1000 year civilization
4. Confucian system destroyed in Vietnam and China
1. External aggression + internal upheaval
2. Imperialism destroyed political institutions
1. Left nothing for nation-building
5. Recent themes
1. Confucianism and traditions reworked/adapted
2. Economic development
3. Growing independence and self-assertion
2. East Asia in th Postwar Settlements
1. Introduction
1. Divisions after WWII
1. Korea divided between Russian/US zone
2. Taiwan returned to China - ruled by Chiang Kai Shek
3. US regained Philippines, pledged quick turnover w/
bases
4. Europeans retook control of Vietnam, Malay and
Indonesia
5. Japan occupied by US forces
2. New Divisions and the End of Empires
1. Decolonization led to independence for Malaya, Indonesia,
Philippines
2. Taiwan ruled by Chiang Kai Shek, mainland to Mao
1. Taiwan emergs as separate republic
3. US intervention preserves South Korean independence
3. Japanese Recovery
1. Recovered economy in surprising speed
1. US provided opportunity for selective westernization
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2. New political system
1. Ruled by General Douglas MacArthur
2. Got rid of wartime political structure
1. military disbanded
2. police decentralized
3. officials removed
4. political prisoners released
3. Democratization
1. women suffrage
2. encouraging labor unions
3. abolishing Shintoism as state religion
4. People in favor of demilitarization
5. Parliament system easy to incorporate - already have
history
3. New economic pattern
1. Broke up landed estates
2. Tried, but failed to break up zaibatsus
4. Other changes
1. Military abolished forever - unique for industrialized
nation
2. Emperor becomes symbolic figurehead only
3. 1963 law for taking care of elderly
5. Japanese society
1. Education - reduced nationalism in textbooks
1. Back to state control after occupation
2. Have to teach tradition to children
2. Extreme meritocracy - rigid examination system
4. Korea: Intervention and War
1. Gave Russia control of north in exchange for potential help
against Japan
2. North Korea - People's Democratic Republic of Korea
1. Communist totalitarian state - Kim Il-Sung until 1994
3. South Korea - Republic of Korea
1. Parliamentary institutions but authoritarian
4. Korean War
1. 1950-1953 - N. Korea invades, S. Korea + United
Nations pushes back
2. China gets invovlved, pushes back to original borders
3. Sign armistice
5. Two divergent paths since then
1. N. Korea - isolated one-man rule
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1. Power to one political party + military
2. S. Korea - w/ help from US economic + military bases
6. Tensions continued between two nations with border
clashes
5. Emerging Stability in Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore
1. Nationalists take over Taiwan island after losing civil war
1. Communists couldn't threaten Taiwan - no navy
2. Becomes authoritarian - must keep island under
control
3. Support of US - convinced Chiang to not attack
mainland
2. Hong Kong - returned to China from British control in 1997
1. Chinese population swelled - economy boomed
2. Singapore
1. British naval base until 1971
2. Became strong port and independent nation
1. Why economically successful?
1. Western aid/contacts
2. Tradition of group loyalty
3. Political stability
4. Eventually grows to substantial
international influence
3. Japan, Incorporated
1. Japan’s Distinctive Political and Cultural Style
1. Conservative stability
1. Liberal Democratic party controls 1955-1993 –
compromise
2. Made agreements/deals with opposition leaders
3. Returned to oligarchy rule
2. Government-business coordination
1. Lending public resources
2. limit imports
3. Kept traditions
1. Tradition – state-sponsored discipline
1. Promoted birth control/abortion – population
slowed
2. Customs – poetry, painting, tea ceremonies, flower
arrangements
1. Kabuki and No theater
3. Incorporated Japanese w/ western
1. Western music w/ Japanese instruments
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find more resources at oneclass.com
