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BIOL 100 Lecture Notes - Lecture 16: Convergent Evolution, Vestigiality, Comparative Anatomy

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ivoryox76
3 Nov 2017
School
SDSU
Department
Biology
Course
BIOL 100
Professor
E.Ekdale

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Document Summary

Biology 100 - lecture 16 - evidence of evolution. The modern definition of evolution is changes in allele frequency within a population from one generation to the next. A population is a group of individuals of the same species at a given time and is also a unit of evolution. Genetic variation is a prerequisite for evolution. The types of genetic variation is allele variation and chromosomal variation. Allele variation are different forms of a single gene. Chromosomal variation are differences in the number or structure of a chromosome. The different alleles make up the genetic variation in the human population. Natural selection is when heritable traits become beneficial to survival and are selected and becomes common in a population. Selection acts on individuals thus making populations evolve. Selection acts on phenotypes but evolution consists of changes in genotypes. Selection does not look forward as evolution is always one generation behind.

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Related Questions

1. What is the difference between the different patterns ofselection: directional, stabilizing,anddiversifying?

2. How do bacteria acquire genetic variation and how does thatdiffer from the mechanism by which humans acquire variation?

3. What were the key observations made by Darwin to develop thebasic tenants of the theory of evolution? Has thistheory been tested?

4. What are the most common misconceptionsabout evolution and why are they not valid arguments againstevolution?

5. The key component of the theory of evolution isnatural selection. Define this process. Why is itcommonly known as “survival of the fittest”? What are examples offactors (selective pressures) that drive evolutionof populations?

6. What is the indirect evidence of evolution? What arehomologous and analogousstructures? What is convergent evolution?How does similarity of proteins between different species supportthe idea of evolution?

7. Be able to explain why the following statement is true:Natural Selection works on individuals while evolution works onpopulations over generations. Or to put it another way: Individualsdo not evolve, populations do.

Natural selection and evolution

Correctly complete the following paragraph to explain the relationship between natural selection and evolution.

Terms may be used more than once.

Within a population of fish, ____________ exists in the form of body color. Some fish are orange and some fish are red.

The fish population lives on an orange reef bed. Because of this, fish that are ____________ are able to blend in and resist predation.

Because fish that are ____________ are more likely to blend in and resist predation, they are more likely to survive to reproduce.

Fish produce ____________ offspring which ____________ the genes for body color.

After several generations, one can expect the fish population to have a ____________ portion of orange individuals compared to red individuals.

In this manner, ____________ is driving ____________ .

Choice of words:

natural selection

genetic variation

red

evolution

smaller

many

inherit

larger

orange

few

Evolution is change over ____________. Why is evolution an important concept in biology?

What is a population? How can you identify a population in nature?

What is the ultimate source of random variation in a population? Is this the only source of variation, why or why not?

What is a gene pool? Why is it important to our study of evolution?

How is variation inherited in a population? HINT: There are at least two main contributors to this variation. You should be focusing on gametes!

What is microevolution versus macroevolution?

How do the peppered moths show us microevolution in nature? Why is this NOT macroevolution? HINT: you should consider alleles and mating in your answer.

Do you believe that the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is common in nature? Why or why not? In your answer, you should incorporate your knowledge of populations, evolution, and genetics.

Evolution is driven by adaptation and natural selection. In populations, we refer to organisms that are “most fit.” Explain how evolution and the environment would result in organisms that are “most fit.” In your answer, indicate whether the “most fit” organism today is likely to be the “most fit” organism in the future and why.

Microevolution is a change in the frequency of ___________________ in a population but has not resulted in a speciation event thus far. Given this, what factors could lead to a speciation event for this population?

How would you know that a population had divided into two different species (macroevolution)? How could you test for a speciation event experimentally?