BIO 315 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Phototroph, Hydrogen Bond, Thymidine Triphosphate
Lecture #3 Archaea 06/05/17
- Archaea- group of single celled organisms that lack defined nucleus and has distinct
molecular properities; single-celled (bacteria), CW components and PM (unique), histones
(eukarya)
- Defined nuclear mem (eukaryotic), none (prokaryotic) → changed to Eukarya, Archaea
(survive in diverse extreme conditions, but also live under normal conditions- 20% microbial
cells in ocean like plankton community; cannot be grown in lab environ; analysis of nucleic
acids and samples), and Bacteria- stemmed from universal cell
- Archaea came to exist after 1950s- distiction made by comparison of rRNA (16s), these cells
are different when you look at the specific sequence of the rRNA (Mini paper in chap 1) →
methanogens (present in GI tract of cattle, cows, goat- farting contributes to global
warming) are type of Archaea that was first discovered prominently (easily found be 16s
rRNA); instead of looking at gene seq, look at 16 ribosomal PROTEN seq for more info-
New Tree of Life
- Table 4.1 Selected archaeons and their preferred growth requirements- most antibiotics
are produced by bacteria that is commericially being used (Penicillin by fungus), some
chemicals in Archaea used as antibiotics to compete for surrounding environ (which
Archaeas???)
→ ATGCGCCGC, TACG… (primer + polymerase- works in high temperatures) in
conjunction with dATP DTTP dCTP and dGTP- PCR
→ Pyrococcus furiousus- DNA polymerase isolated (pfu)- works in extreme temp
- Not many that are pathogenic because requires extreme conditions- cannot survive in our
body; there are some that cause mouth infections
- Single circular chromo (500k – 5000k base pairs)- smallest found in nanoarchaeum (537
protein encoding genes); not common, but some have plasmids (can be transferred
between cells by conjugation)
- Replication, transcription and translation more similar to Eukarya; DNA polymerase and
helicase (unzips hydrogen bonding of DNA strand to use as template in semi-conservative
replication) similar to Eukarya; PM VERY DIFF provide thermal stability; branch pt event in
evolution of Archaea and Eukarya is presence of histones (basic proteins, net charge of
positive, used to wrap around DNA whos backbone is negative- stabilize in extreme
conditions and allowing packing of more DNA)
- Size similar to bacteria 0.5 micrometer- nanoarchaeu and Ignicoccus live together; thin, flat
and square/rectangular
- Cytoplasm- H2O, nucleoid, histones (Eukarya H2A H2B H3 H4- octomer- 160 nucleotide pair
is wrapped- each unit attached to H1; Archaea have H3 and H4- tetramer- 60 nucleotide
pair wrapped)
→ RNA Polymerase (DNA → RNA)
- Cytoskeleton- Ta0583 more like actin than MreB
- Cell envelope- most have CW (Ignicoccus like gram-neg bacteria- ATP synthase enzymes
housed in outer mem ETC/ bacteria is PM), diff bilayer construction (can also be
monolayer- high temp evniron)- diff may be due to delivery of drugs; PM bilayer phoph on
C1 and phytanyl/isoprenoids (no acid group COOH like fatty acid → has ether R-O-R linkage
instead of ester R-O-C=O—R; bound to CH3s in 20C chain); PM monolayer glycerol phospho
Document Summary
Archaea- group of single celled organisms that lack defined nucleus and has distinct molecular properities; single-celled (bacteria), cw components and pm (unique), histones (eukarya) Table 4. 1 selected archaeons and their preferred growth requirements- most antibiotics are produced by bacteria that is commericially being used (penicillin by fungus), some chemicals in archaea used as antibiotics to compete for surrounding environ (which. Atgcgccgc, tacg (primer + polymerase- works in high temperatures) in conjunction with datp dttp dctp and dgtp- pcr. Pyrococcus furiousus- dna polymerase isolated (pfu)- works in extreme temp. Not many that are pathogenic because requires extreme conditions- cannot survive in our body; there are some that cause mouth infections. Single circular chromo (500k 5000k base pairs)- smallest found in nanoarchaeum (537 protein encoding genes); not common, but some have plasmids (can be transferred between cells by conjugation) Size similar to bacteria 0. 5 micrometer- nanoarchaeu and ignicoccus live together; thin, flat and square/rectangular.
