BIOL 2112 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Hydroxy Group, Ion, Asymmetric Carbon
10 May 2018
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Lecture 4 – Functional Groups
Name the property that gives Carbon its ability to form the skeleton of very diverse
structures. The tetra valence of carbon allows it to form the scaffold of other molecules.
What is the effect of a double bond on the normal stacked tetrahedral coforatio
of a hydrocarbon chain containing 3 Carbon atoms. When two carbon atoms are joined
by a double bond, all atoms attached to those carbon atoms are in the same plane and
the molecule is flat. List three elements that are covalently compatible with Carbon and,
along with Carbon, are the most common elements that compose the macromolecules
of living organisms. Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen What is the general definition of an
isomer? Compounds that have the same numbers of atoms of the same elements but
different structures and hence different properties. What is the distinguishing feature of a
structural (geometric) isomer? Differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms. May
differ in location of double bonds. Describe an enantiomer and give an example. Isomers
that are mirror images of each other and that differ in shape due to the presence of an
asymmetric carbon, one that is attached to four different atoms or four different groups
of atoms. Albuterol is sold as R-Albuterol; the S form counteracts the R form. Describe
two critical properties that functional groups convey to organic molecules. Alcohol –
polar, solvent; Carbonyl – ketones & aldehydes; Carboxyl – acidic; Amino – basic, ionized
under cellular conditions; Sulfhydryl – can interact to stabilize protein structure;
Phosphate – part an anion & can transfer energy; Methyl – solubility & affects binding of
proteins In the reaction diagrams shown below, which functional group is not present?
A. Hydroxyl B. Methyl C. Amino D. Phosphate E. Carboxyl F. Sulfhydryl
7) Which of the functional groups (described in lecture) are hydrophilic (water-soluble)?
Alcohols, Carbonyl, Carboxyl, Amino, Phosphate 8) Which of the functional groups
(described in lecture) are subject to ionization? Carboxyl, Amino
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Document Summary
Name the property that gives carbon its ability to form the skeleton of very diverse structures. The tetra valence of carbon allows it to form the scaffold of other molecules. What is the effect of a double bond on the normal (cid:862)stacked(cid:863) tetrahedral co(cid:374)for(cid:373)atio(cid:374) of a hydrocarbon chain containing 3 carbon atoms. When two carbon atoms are joined by a double bond, all atoms attached to those carbon atoms are in the same plane and the molecule is flat. List three elements that are covalently compatible with carbon and, along with carbon, are the most common elements that compose the macromolecules of living organisms. Compounds that have the same numbers of atoms of the same elements but different structures and hence different properties. Differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms.
