Language I
Syntax
How words combine to form sentences
o Deals with words and phrases
Nearly every sentence is brand new
o Understanding is not through memorization
Must have rules to generate sentences and to apply our knowledge
Hierarchical
o Sentences are not simply words in linear order
o Words combine to form phrases, which serve as identifiable units (noun phrase,
verb phrase, etc.)
Use heuristics to process sentences
o Ex. Old (adjective>95%, noun<5%)
Morphology
Rules that govern how prefixes, suffixes, and compounds may combine to form words
o Deals with: morphemes (affixes and roots)
Ex. unrelentlessly
Affixation
o Attaching prefixes and suffixes to roots
o Infixes: inserting morpheme in middle of word
o Circumfixes: gefragt
Compounding
o Concatenation of roots to form new words
Phonology
Rules that govern how sounds may combine to form words
Phonemes (basic unit of sound), syllables, etc.
o Stin, Rbick, Tlib, Blafe
Stin and blafe sound like they could be words (legal combination of
consonants: “St” and “Bl”)
Final Devoicing (German, Dutch, Russian)
o Consonants at end of word or syllable are voiceless
Voicing: vocal fold vibration
o German
Kinder vs. Kind (kint)
Language Processing
Mostly unconscious
Untaught
o Neither parents nor school teach kids (spoken) language
Parents simply speak at their children
School puts the “finishing touches” on spoken language (children can form
very complicated sentences when they get to school)
o Spoken language is acquired simply by being exposed to language
Stress rules for –ize o Fossilze, randomize, personalize, vs. obsceneize, corruptize
o Okay when words have stress early, not when roots have final stress
English expletive affixation
o Unfreakingbelievable vs. Unbelievefreakingable
Language
Different levels of organization (phonology, morphology, syntax)
Some parts are retrieved (words)
Some parts are constructed (sentences, novel words)
Untaught, unconscious
Where is language located?
Methodologies
o Lesiondeficit analyses
Paul Broca (Broca’s area)
• Patient had syphilis infection led to severe speech impairment at
age 31
• Could only utter “tan”, but had intact comprehension
• Autopsy revealed lesion
o First anatomical proof of the localization of brain function
• Broca’s Aphasia
o Difficulty initiating speech, nonfluent speech
o Filled with content but not function words
o Syntactically poor
o Comprehension>Production
Carl Wernicke (Wernicke’s area)
• Identified patients with comprehension impairments stemming
from damage to left superior temporal gyrus
• Wernicke’s aphasia
o Fluent speech
o Wellformed sentences
o Semantically poor
o Production>Comprehension
BUT, there is large individual variability
• Speech production and comprehension involve many component
functions, and lesions can impair different subsets
• These clinical categories should be t
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