HY 102 Lecture Notes - Lecture 14: Aeneid, Antoninus Pius, Princeps
30 May 2018
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I."Restoring the Republic:" The Struggle for Power (146-30 B.C.E.)
A. Period of turbulence, disorder, war, assassinations, and insurrections
B. Spartacus slave uprising (73-71 B.C.E.)
C. Reforms of the Gracchi
1. Tiberius Graachus (168-133 B.C.E.)
a. Redistribution of land to landless
b. Invoked old laws restricting size of estate to be owned by each citizen
c. The murder of Tiberius
2. Gaius Graachus (159-123 B.C.E.)
. Empowered equestrian class; checked abuses of the senatorial class
a. Stabilized price of grain in Rome
b. Suggested full citizenship to Italian allies
c. The murder of Gaius
D. The aristocratic reaction
1. Marius (157-86 B.C.E.)
. Elected consul in 107 B.C.E., reelected six times
a. Abolished property qualification for the army
b. Army became more loyal to him than to the Republic
c. Specter of potential civil war
2. Sulla (138-78 B.C.E.)
. Appointed dictator (82 B.C.E.)
a. Extended Roman citizenship throughout peninsula
b. Led his troops in march on Rome
c. Exterminated his opponents
d. Extended the power of the Senate
e. After three years as dictator retired in luxury
II. Caesar's Triumph—and His Downfall
. Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, Gaius Julius Caesar, and Marcus Junius Crassus (Pompey) conspire to gain control
of the government
A. Enter into triumvirate; soon dissolved into open rivalry
B. Pompey (106-48 B.C.E.) orchestrates his election as consul
1. Declared Caesar (while away in Gaul) an enemy of the republic
2. Has ambition to become king
C. Julius Caesar's Return to Rome (c. 100-44 B.C.E.)
1. Crosses the Rubicon River; intends to take Rome by force
2. Destroys the forces of Pompey at Pharselus (48 B.C.E.)
3. Dictator for ten years, then declares himself dictator for life (46 B.C.E.)
. Had full authority to make war and peace
a. Controlled the revenue of the state
b. Expanded citizenship to Hispania and Gaul
c. Relieved economic inequalities; expanded colonization
d. Develops Julian calendar
4. Contemporaries feared he intended to make himself king
5. Assassinated on the Ides (15th) of March (44 B.C.E.) on the Senate floor
III. The Principate and Early Empire (27 B.C.E.-180 C.E.)
. Octavian (63 B.C.E.-14 C.E.)
1. Joined forces with Marc Antony and Marcus Ledipus
2. Murder of Cicero
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