HY 102 Lecture Notes - Lecture 23: Averroes, Pope Urban Ii, Saints Cyril And Methodius
30 May 2018
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I.Crusading Causes and Outcomes
A. Abbasid decline
B. Muslim pressure on the eastern borders of the empire
C. The Byzantine Revival
1. A changed position
2. Saint Cyril and Saint Methodius convert Balkan Slavs to Orthodox Christianity
3. A new written language—Old Church Slavonic (Cyrillic alphabet)
4. Annexation of Greece, Bulgaria, and Serbia
5. Military and commercial alliance with the western Rus
6. Eastern conquests (930s and 970s)
a. Greatly increased power of local noble families
b. New centers of power outside Constantinople
c. Tensions and rivalries
D. The invasion of the Turks
1. Venice, Pisa, and Genoa emerge as dominant traders in the eastern Mediterranean
2. Growing power of Fatimid Egypt
3. The Seljuk Turks move into Asia Minor
. Battle of Manzikert (1071)
a. The Turks now set to seize all of Anatolia
4. Alexius Comnenus (1048-1118)
. Appeals to Pope Urban II for troops to repel the Turks
E. The First Crusade
1. Pope Urban's appeal
. Bring the Orthodox Church into communion with the papacy
a. Embarrass the German emperor, Henry IV
b. Achieving peace at home
c. Goal of Jerusalem
2. 1095—calls the First Crusade at Clermont
3. One hundred thousand men, women, and children march to Constantinople
4. Motives
. Win new lands
a. Prospect of adventure
b. Religious—a mission from God
i. Pilgrimage
ii. Freed from punishment in purgatory
iii. Plenary indulgences
5. Assaults against Jewish communities (Mainz, Worms, Speyer, and Cologne)
6. Byzantium seen as an obstacle to recovery of Jerusalem for Christianity
7. Crusaders capture Antioch and most of Syria (1098)
8. Crusaders take Jerusalem, slaughtering its inhabitants (1099)
9. Furthered the decline of Byzantine commerce
F. The later Crusades
1. Crusaders did not wish to interfere with trade routes
2. For the Muslims, the loss of Jerusalem was a religious affront
3. The Second Crusade
. Syrian principalities recaptured by the Muslims
a. Christian warriors suffered crushing defeats
b. Muslim leader Saladin recaptures Jerusalem (1187)
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Document Summary
Battle of manzikert (1071: the turks now set to seize all of anatolia, alexius comnenus (1048-1118) Appeals to pope urban ii for troops to repel the turks: the first crusade, pope urban"s appeal. Bring the orthodox church into communion with the papacy: embarrass the german emperor, henry iv, achieving peace at home, goal of jerusalem. 1095 calls the first crusade at clermont: one hundred thousand men, women, and children march to constantinople, motives. Win new lands: prospect of adventure, religious a mission from god. Syrian principalities recaptured by the muslims: christian warriors suffered crushing defeats, muslim leader saladin recaptures jerusalem (1187, the third crusade. Frederick barbarossa (c. 1123-1190: philip augustus (1165-1223, richard the lionhearted (1157-1199, a failed campaign, the fourth crusade. Summoned by innocent iii: a disaster for the crusading armies. Civil war in germany: war between england and france. Difficult to assess: western expansionism, could not maintain colonies, greatest gains went to the republics of venice and genoa.
