HY 102 Lecture Notes - Lecture 57: French Revolutionary Army, Maximilien Robespierre, Sans-Culottes
30 May 2018
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I.A New Stage: Popular Revolution
A. The Radical Revolution, August 1792- July 1794
1. From moderate leaders to radical republicans
2. Why did the Revolution become radical?
a. The politicization of the common people, especially in cities
i. Newspapers
ii. Political clubs
iii. Greater political awareness heightened by fluctuations in prices
iv. Demands for cheaper bread
v. Demands for government to do something about inflation
b. Lack of effective national leadership
. Louis XVI remained a weak and vacillating monarch
i. Forced to accept the Civil Constitution of the Clergy
ii. Louis urged on by Marie Antoinette, sister of Leopold II of Austria
iii. June 20, 1791: the Flight to Varennes
iv. Louis now a "prisoner" of the Revolution
c. War
. All Europeans took a side in the conflict
i. Political societies formed outside France proclaimed their
allegiance to the Revolution
B. The counterrevolution
1. The emigrés stirred up counterrevolutionary sentiment
2. Edmund Burke (1729-1797), Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790)
. Attacked the revolution as a crime against the social order
a. The French had turned their back on history
b. Men and women had no natural rights
c. Aroused sympathy for the counterrevolutionary cause
3. Outside France
. Austria and Prussia declared support for French monarchy (August 1791)
a. April 20, 1792: the National Assembly declared war on Austria and Prussia
4. Radicals hoped the war would expose "traitors"
5. August 1792: Austria and Prussia close to capturing Paris
6. August 10, 1792: Parisians attacked the king's palace
C. The French Republic
1. More egalitarian leaders of the Third Estate: the Jacobins
2. Membership extended throughout France
3. Jacobins proclaimed themselves the voice of the people and the nation
4. The National Convention (September 1792)
5. The September Massacres
. Patriotic Paris mobs convened revolutionary tribunal to try traitors
a. Over a thousand killed in one week
6. The end of the French monarchy
. France declared a republic (September 21, 1792)
a. Louis placed on trial (December 1792)
b. Louis executed (January 23, 1793)
7. The National Convention and domestic reforms
. Abolition of slavery in French colonies
a. Repeal of primogeniture
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