HY 102 Lecture Notes - Lecture 80: Magnitogorsk, Planned Economy, The Great Terror
31 May 2018
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Chapter 25 – Turmoil Between the Wars
I.Introduction
A. The legacy of the Great War
B. Near-collapse of democracy
C. The rise of authoritarian dictatorships
II. The Soviet Union under Lenin and Stalin
. The Russian Civil War
1. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk polarized Russian society
2. The Whites
a. Loose group united by the desire to remove the Reds from power
b. Supporters of the old regime
3. Reds (Bolsheviks) faced strong nationalist movements
. Ukraine, Georgia, and north Caucasus
4. United States, Britain, and Japan intervene on the periphery of the old empire
. Solidified Bolshevik mistrust of capitalist world powers
5. Bolshevik victory
. Gained greater support from the majority of the population
a. Better organization
b. Leon Trotsky as new commissar of war
6. Consequences
. One million combat casualties
a. Several million dead from hunger and disease
b. Total of one hundred thousand to three hundred thousand executed (on both
sides)
c. Created permanent hatreds
A. War communism
1. Government control of industry
2. Government requisitioned grain from the peasantry
3. Outlawed private trade in consumer goods
4. Militarized production facilities and abolished money
5. Consequences
. Devastated Russian industry and emptied major cities
a. Industrial output in 1920 fell to only 20 percent of prewar levels
b. Large-scale famine (1921)
c. Large-scale strikes
B. The NEP period (New Economic Policy)
1. Abandoning war communism
2. Reversion to state capitalism
. State owned all major industry
a. Individuals could own private property
b. Trading freely within limits
c. Farming land for the benefit of the peasants
3. Grain requisitioning replaced by fixed taxes on the peasantry
4. Nikolai Bukharin (1888-1938)
5. Peasants should "enrich" themselves
. Taxes would support urban industrialization and working classes
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Document Summary
I. introduction: the legacy of the great war, near-collapse of democracy, the rise of authoritarian dictatorships. The russian civil war: treaty of brest-litovsk polarized russian society, the whites, loose group united by the desire to remove the reds from power, supporters of the old regime, reds (bolsheviks) faced strong nationalist movements. Ukraine, georgia, and north caucasus: united states, britain, and japan intervene on the periphery of the old empire. Solidified bolshevik mistrust of capitalist world powers: bolshevik victory. Gained greater support from the majority of the population: better organization, leon trotsky as new commissar of war, consequences. Industrial output in 1920 fell to only 20 percent of prewar levels: large-scale famine (1921, large-scale strikes, the nep period (new economic policy, abandoning war communism, reversion to state capitalism. Individuals could own private property: trading freely within limits, farming land for the benefit of the peasants, grain requisitioning replaced by fixed taxes on the peasantry, nikolai bukharin (1888-1938, peasants should enrich themselves.
