HY 102 Lecture 89: Revolution - ch 27
1 Jun 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
I.Revolution, Anticolonialism, and the Cold War
A. The Third World
1. Avoiding alignment with either superpower
B. The Chinese Revolution (1949)
1. Civil war since 1926
2. Chiang Kai-shek (1887-1975)— nationalist
3. Mao Zedong (1893-1976)—communist
4. Nationalists and communists defeated Japan
a. Mao refused to surrender northern provinces
5. U.S. intervention
6. The revolution was the act of a nation of peasants
7. Mao adapted Marxism to Chinese conditions
8. The "loss of China" provoked fear in the West
9. United States considered China and the Soviet Union to be a "communist bloc"
C. The Korean War
1. A Cold War hot spot
2. Korea under Japanese control during World War II
3. Post-1945: Soviets controlled North (Kim Jong II) and United States controlled South
(Syngman Rhee)
4. North Korean troops attacked across the border (June 1950)
5. United States brought invasion to the attention of the UN Security Council
. UN permitted an American-led "police action"
a. General Douglas MacArthur (1880-1964)
i. Former military governor of occupied Japan
ii. Led amphibious assault behind North Korean lines
iii. Wanted to press assault into China
iv. Relieved of duty by Truman
b. Chinese troops supported North Koreans
6. Stalemate
7. The end of the Korean conflict (June 1953)
8. Korea remained divided
D. Decolonization
1. The decline of older empires
2. Nationalist movements and independence
E. The British Empire unravels
1. India
. Post-1945: waves of Indian protest for Britain to quit India
a. Mohandas K. Gandhi (1869-1948)
. Pioneered anticolonial ideas and tactics
i. Advocated swaraj (self-rule), nonviolence, and civil disobedience
b. Jawaharlal Nehru (1889-1964)
. Led the pro-independence Congress Party
c. Ethnic and religious conflict
. The Muslim League
d. British India partitioned into India (majority Hindu) and Pakistan
(majority Muslim)
. Brutal religious and ethnic warfare
e. Gandhi assassinated in January 1948
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
f. Nehru as prime minister of India (1947-1964)
. Program of industrialization and modernization
i. Steered a course of nonalignment with Soviet Union and United
States
2. Palestine
. Balfour Declaration (1917)
. Promised a "Jewish homeland" in Palestine for European Zionists
a. Rising conflict between Jewish settlers and Arabs (1930s)
b. British limited further immigration (1939)
c. A three-way war
. Palestinian Arabs—fighting for land and independence
i. Jewish settlers determined to defy British rule
ii. British administrators with divided sympathies
d. United Nations partitioned territory into two states
e. Israel declared independence in May 1948
f. Palestinian Arabs clustered in refugee camps
. Gaza strip
i. West bank of the Jordan River
g. Israel recognized by United States and Soviet Union
3. Africa
. Several West African colonies moved toward independence
. Britain left constitutions and a legal system but no economic support
i. Ghana seen as model for African free nations (1960)
a. More African colonies gained independence
. Could not redress losses from colonialism
b. Mau Mau Rebellion (Kenya)
. Killing of civilians
i. British set up internment camps
c. Britain tolerated apartheid in South Africa
. Required Africans to live in designated "homelands"
i. Forbade Africans to travel without permits
ii. The management of labor
iii. Banned political protest
d. Rhodesia declared independence (1945)
4. Crisis in Suez and the end of an era
. Britain found the cost of maintaining naval and air bases too high
a. Protected oil-rich states of the Middle East
b. Nationalists forced British to withdraw troops from Egypt within three years
(1951)
c. King Farouk (1921-1965) deposed by nationalist officers. and a republic is
proclaimed (1952)
d. Gamal Abdel Nasser (1918-1970)
. Became Egyptian president
i. Nationalization of the Suez Canal Company
ii. Financing the Aswan Dam
iii. Pan-Arabism
iv. Willing to take aid and support from the Soviets
e. Israel, France, and Britain found pan-Arabism threatening
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
