PSY 325 Lecture Notes - Boogie 2Nite, Nitric Oxide, Acrolein
17 Dec 2017
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Chapter 12: Smoking Tobacco
Smoking
• Most preventable cause of death in the world
• 443,000 people die each yr in the US from tobacco use
• 1,213 people die each day in the US from tobacco-related causes
•What components in smoke are dangerous?
•Cigarettes contain 4,000 compounds, 60 of those are carcinogens (substances capable of causing cancer)
•Nicotine: stimulant found in cigarettes
•Affects both the CNS & PNS
•Can be found in the brain 7 seconds after smoking
•1/2 life is 30-40 minutes
•↑ metabolic level & ↓ appetite
•Tars: water-soluble residue; carcinogen
•Acrolein & formaldehyde: carcinogens that cause cell damage
•Nitric oxide & hydrocyanic acid: gases formed from smoking that affect O2 metabolism
History of Tobacco Use
•Ready-made cigarettes were mass-produced starting in the 1880s
•Cigarette use wasn’t popular until the 20th century
•Smoking ↑ during WWI & the 1920s
•Federal cigarette tax doubles - SIN tax: prevent people from doing it
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Tobacco Use
• Current Rates of Tobacco Use
• In 1966, highest rate of tobacco use
• In 1964, a report was released on the dangers of smoking on health
• 21% of adults are currently smokers
• In 1965, 42% of people were smokers
• Who smokes?
• American Indians -> highest rates, Asian Americans -> lowest rates
• Men with low income people & those with low edu level have high smoking rates
• Older adults have low smoking rates
• Smoking rates among young people
• 9th graders:12% boys & 15% girls have smoked at least once
• 12th graders: 8% boys & 6% girls are frequent smokers
• Why do people start smoking?
• Genetics: genetics variations ↑ people’s vulnerability to become (& remain) smokers - neurotransmitter dopamine may
be implicated
• Social Pressure: teens may be encouraged to smoke by their peers
• To “fit in” with social groups / what they see in movies / media
• Teens are also more likely to smoke if they live with a smoker
• Advertising: curiosity may impact teens’ decisions to begin smoking
• Anti-smoking ads aren’t a very effective way to prevent smoking
• Weight Control - Young women say they use smoking to lose weight
• Why do people continue to smoke?
• Addiction - nicotine is addictive
• Once people have smoked100 cigarettes they seem to be addicted
• Low-nicotine cigarettes don’t help; smokers just smoke more of them
• Positive & Negative Reinforcement
• Positive Reinforcers - Pleasure from the smell of smoke, Feelings of relaxation, Satisfaction of manual needs
• Negative Reinforcers - Avoiding withdrawal symptoms
• Optimistic Bias - Smokers believe they personally have a lower risk of disease & death than other smokers
• Fearing Weight Gain - Smokers do gain some weight when they stop
• Women with weight concerns are more likely to smoke than those without weight concerns
Health Consequences
• Cancer - Leading cause of smoking-related deaths
• Types of cancer caused by smoking: lung, lip, pharynx, esophageal, pancreatic, larynx, tracheal, urinary bladder,
kidney, cervix, stomach
• CVD risk is doubled for smokers - 2nd largest cause of smoking-related deaths
• Chronic Lower Respiratory Disease
• Chronic bronchitis: formation of scar tissue in the bronchi
• Emphysema: scar tissue & mucus obstruct respiratory pathways & air’s trapped in the alveoli
• Other effects
• Fire caused by cigarettes
• Disease of various body parts: mouth, kidney, bladder
• Periodontal disease
• Injuries, such as in motor vehicle crashes
• Mental Health - Smokers are 3x more likely to be diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder
• Other effects for women
• May use smoking to help cope with disorder
• Women are more vulnerable to lung cancer than males
•↑ risk for fertility problems, miscarriages
• Other effects for men
• Smoking makes men look older & less attractive
•↑ risk for erectile dysfunction
Cigar and Pipe Smoking
•Pipe & cigar tobacco differs from that found in cigarettes but still contains carcinogens
•Heavy cigarette smoking ↓ life expectancy by 8.8 years
•Heavy cigar / pipe smoking ↓ life expectancy by 4.7 years
Passive smoking (environmental tobacco smoke (ETS))
• Has been linked to lung cancer, breast cancer, heart disease (CVD), & respiratory problems in children
• Smoke exposure ↑ risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Smokeless Tobacco (snuff & chewing tobacco) - Adolescents who use smokeless tobacco are more likely to then start smoking
cigarettes
Interventions for Reducing Smoking Rates
• Deterring Smoking
• Info/edu alone doesn’t deter people from smoking
• More successful are programs that combine info with building skills on how to refuse to smoke, signing pledges not to
smoke
• Mass media campaigns may be effective in the short-term
•Quitting Smoking
•Currently there are more former smokers than current smokers
•Ways to quit:
•W/o therapy
•44% of smokers try to quit each year, & 64% of those try so w/o treatment
•Success rate is 60%; abstinence length around 7 years
•Pharmacological approaches
•Nicotine replaced with gums, inhalers, patches
•Drugs like varenicline & bupropion are used to ↓ withdrawal symptoms
•Effective for many but not for teenager
•Psychological interventions
•Cog. behavioral approaches, group therapy, contracts, behavior modification are all types of interventions
that can be used
•Most effective programs include both a counseling & pharmacological component
•Community campaigns
•Smoke-free workplaces help ⇣ prevalence of smoking
•Random-digit dialing smokers has also been shown to ↓ smoking rates
•Who quits? Who does not? - Young smokers, women smokers, lower edu smokers have more difficulty quitting
•Preventing Relapse
•Relapse is common & 22% of people who relapse actually smoke at a higher rate after relapse
•Self-quitters have high relapse rate
•Behavioral relapse prevention techniques are most important 1-3 months after quitting when vulnerability to start
smoking again is high
•Effects of Quitting
•Negative effect of quitting is weight gain
•Women gain 6 lbs & men gain 11 lbs after quitting - Physical exercise can stop weight gain
•However weight gain is still better than continued smoking
•Positive effects of quitting:
•↓ mortality by 36%
•Quitting smoking by age 35 adds 7-8 yrs of life expectancy
Chapter 13: Using Alcohol and Other Drugs
Alcohol Consumption
•History of Alcohol Consumption
•Temperance movement in the mid-1800s
•19th Amendment in 1919 made alcohol illegal - Repealed in 1934, have stayed low since then
•Alcohol Consumption Today
•2/3 of all US adults drink
•10% are binge drinkers (5+ drinks at once), 5% are heavy drinkers
•Adults age 25-44 have highest rates of drinking
•Men are more likely to drink than women
•People with more edu are more likely to drink - HS dropouts are more likely to develop drinking problems
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Smoking: most preventable cause of death in the world. 443,000 people die each yr in the us from tobacco use. Cigarettes contain 4,000 compounds, 60 of those are carcinogens (substances capable of causing cancer) Can be found in the brain 7 seconds after smoking. Acrolein & formaldehyde: carcinogens that cause cell damage. Nitric oxide & hydrocyanic acid: gases formed from smoking that affect o2 metabolism. Ready-made cigarettes were mass-produced starting in the 1880s. Cigarette use wasn"t popular until the 20th century. Federal cigarette tax doubles - sin tax: prevent people from doing it. In 1964, a report was released on the dangers of smoking on health. American indians -> highest rates, asian americans -> lowest rates: men with low income people & those with low edu level have high smoking rates. 9th graders:12% boys & 15% girls have smoked at least once. Genetics: genetics variations people"s vulnerability to become (& remain) smokers - neurotransmitter dopamine may be implicated.
