ECON 2023 Lecture Notes - Lecture 13: Marginal Revenue, Economic Equilibrium, Demand Curve

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ceruleankoala833

24 Nov 2016

School

University of Arkansas

Department

Economics

Course

ECON 2023

Professor

Jeff Cooperstein

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Document Summary

P1: firm does not produce: (because price is below the minimum avc) P2: operate at the point of b: loss= total fixed cost, supply q2 and just cover the total variable cost, firms are indifferent as to shutting down / operating. P3: operate at the point of c: loss < total fixed cost, any price btw p3 & p4 minimize loss w. quantity at which mr(=p)=mc. P5: operate at the point of e: maximize economic profit by producing the amount of q5. [note : points (possible product price & corresponding quantity)= upsweeping supply curve, quantity supplied= 0 at any price below the minimum avc, > portion of mc curve lying above its avc curve= its short-run supply curve. Diminishing returns, production costs, & production supply: output determination in pure competition (review of 3 questions) Avc] (, which means firm is profitable or that its losses are less than its tfc. Produce where mr(=p)=mc (profit is maximized, or loss is minimized)

Related Questions

Q1. Average total cost is equal to
a. AFC + AVC
b. AFC/total output
c. AFC/AVC
d. AVC/AFC

Q2. As output increases, the ATC
a. increases
b. decreases
c. remains constant
d. falls and then rises

Q3. Total profit is equal to
a. total revenue minus total cost
b. total revenue minus explicit cost
c. total revenue minus variable cost
d. total revenue minus marginal cost

Q4. Marginal cost crosses the
a. AVC curve at the highest point of the AVC curve
b. ATC curve at the lowest point of the ATC curve
c. AFC curve at the lowest point of the AFC curve
d. ATC curve at the highest point of the ATC curve

Q5. Wages paid are an example of an explicit cost of doing business.
a. true
b. false

Q6. Any revenue over and above total cost is labeled economic profit.
a. true
b. false

Q7. If the selling price of a product is $10, the average total cost is $8, and total sales are 5,000 units, the total profit will be
a. $5,000
b. $8,000
c. $10,000
d. $20,000

Q8. Whenever marginal revenue exceeds marginal cost,
a. profit declines if output increases
b. profit increases if output increases
c. losses increase if output increases
d. marginal revenue must be rising

Q9. Under perfectly competitive conditions, marginal revenue is
a. greater than average revenue
b. equal to average revenue
c. less than average revenue
d. equal to the average variable

Q10. A firm's break-even point occurs where
a. marginal revenue equals marginal cost
b. marginal revenue equals average variable cost
c. total revenue equals total cost
d. total revenue equals total variable cost

Q11. The addition to total output resulting from using one more unit of a productive resource is the
a. average product
b. marginal input
c. total product
d. marginal product

Q12. Unlike a firm in pure competition, a monopolist may be able to
a. block the entry of new firms into the industry
b. continue to earn economic profits in the long run
c. earn economic profits in the short run
d. both (a) and (b)

Q13. Producer surplus is the difference between the price the firm is willing to sell its goods and the price it actually receives.
a. true
b. false

Q14. In the long run, under conditions of perfect competition, market forces come into play to
a. enhance profits
b. increase demand
c. eliminate profits
d. separate MR and AR

Q15. Consumer surplus is the area above the demand curve and below the equilibrium price.
a. true
b. false

Q16. Under perfect competition, market price is determined by market demand and supply.
a. true
b. false

Q17. The more that firms advertise, the closer they get to perfect competition.
a. true
b. false

Q18. Perfect competition assumes that a producer is interested in maximizing profit.
a. true
b. false

Q19. In the long run, under conditions of perfect competition, the buyer will eventually be able to buy the product at a
a. price equal to the lowest point on the ATC curve past the optimal scale of operation
b. price below cost
c. price equal to the lowest point on the ATC curve at the optimal scale of operation
d. discount

Q20. The lowest possible ATC curve is attained at the optimal scale of output.
a. true
b. false

20) When price is less than average variable cost at the profit-maximizing level of output, a firm should: A) continue to produce the level of output at which marginal revenue equals marginal cost if it is operating in the long run. B) shutdown, because it cannot even cover all of its variable costs let alone its fixed costs if it stays in business. C) shutdown, because it will lose nothing in that case. D) continue to produce the level of output at which marginal revenue equals marginal cost if it is operating in the short run. 21) When price is greater than average variable cost but less than average total cost at the profit-maximizing level of output, a firm should: A) continue to produce the level of output at which marginal revenue equals marginal cost. B) shutdown to minimize its losses. C) reduce output to the level at which price equals average variable cost to minimize its losses. D) increase output to minimize its losses. 22) Assume that at the current market price, a perfectly competitive firm's profit-maximizing level of output yields total revenues that are just equal to total costs. Which of the following statements applies to this firm? A) The firm should increase its explicit costs to reduce its tax burden. B) The firm should shut down right now. C) The firm should continue to operate in the short run to minimize losses, but shut down if things don't improve over the long run. D) The firm is earning zero economic profit and should continue to operate. 23) The perfectly competitive firm's supply curve: A) coincides with its perfectly elastic demand curve. B) is the firm's average total cost curve above the shutdown point. C) is perfectly inelastic at the market price. D) is the firm's marginal cost curve above the minimum point on the AVC curve. 24) Assume there is a decrease in the market demand for a good sold by price-taking firms that are initially producing the profit-maximizing level of output. How will the market adjust over time? A) Firms will exit the market, causing price to rise until losses are eliminated. B) Firms will exit the market, causing price to fall until positive profits are eliminated. C) Firms will enter the market, causing price to fall until positive profits are eliminated. D) Firms will enter the market, causing price to rise until losses are eliminated. 25) What is the "most efficient capacity" for the perfectly competitive firm? A) The plant size for which Price = AR. B) The plant size at which LRAC is at its minimum. C) The plant size at which MR = MC. D) The plant size at which any of the SRATC curves are tangent to the LRAC curve.

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1-7 True or False

1) In the short run, a perfectly competitive firm can earn positive, zero, or negative profit depending on the market price of the firm's output.

2)In the model of the perfectly competitive firm, the firm's fixed costs are equal to its implicit costs of production.

3)Assume the market price is greater than average total cost at the perfectly competitive firm's profit-maximizing level of output. In this case, the firm is earning positive economic profits, which act as an incentive for new firms to enter the market.

4)Assume that at the current level of output, price equals marginal revenue, but is less than average total cost. So long as price is greater than average variable cost, the firm should continue to operate in the short run to minimize its losses.

5)The fact that a firm is a price-setter does not ensure it will make a positive economic profit in the short run and over time.

6)Barriers to entry serve to limit the number of firms that operate in a particular market and, as 11) such, reduce the amount of total profit earned in the market.

7)In the prisoner's dilemma game, each player's dominant strategy is also the Nash equilibrium.

14-17 Multiple Choice

14) Marginal revenue is equal to:
A) the change in P x Q due to a one unit change in output. B) the change in quantity divided by the change in price.

C) the change in price divided by the change in output. D) price, but only if the firm is a price searcher.

15) In order to maximize its profits, a price-taking firm should produce the level of output at which:

A) marginal revenue = marginal cost. B) total revenue = total cost.

C) variable revenue = variable cost. D) average revenue = average cost.

16) Assume that there is an improvement in the technology used by firms in a perfectly competitive industry that is initially in long-run equilibrium. In the short run this would cause:

A) cannot be determined with the information given. B) no change in the firm's economic profit.
C) a decrease in the firm's economic profit. D) an increase in the firm's economic profit.

17) Assume at the firm's profit-maximizing level of output P = AVC. In this case, the firm will be:

A) incurring an economic loss. B) earning a positive economic profit.

C) earning economic profit = 0. D) breaking even.

ECON 2023 Lecture Notes - Lecture 13: Marginal Revenue, Economic Equilibrium, Demand Curve

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