BIOL 1081 Lecture Notes - Lecture 16: Genetic Recombination, Cell Division, Synapsis

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copperfly323

1 Jun 2018

School

Department

Biological Sciences

Course

BIOL 1081

Professor

Dr.Mosely

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Ch. 11 LO

Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis Textbook Reading: Sections 11.1-11.4

1. Explain what types of cells undergo meiosis, the end result of this process, and how meiosis

increases genetic diversity.

• Only those that produce gametes- eggs and sperm

• Genetic variation is increased as mutations occur and genes are developed and

inherited

• End result- haploid daughter cells with characteristics different than those present in

the parent

2. Define karyotype, autosomes vs. sex chromosomes, diploid vs. haploid number,

homologous chromosomes vs. sister chromatids vs. homologues, and gametes vs. zygote.

• Karyotype-# and visual appearance of the chromosomes in the cell nuclei of an organism

or species

• Autosomes-any chromosomes that is not a sex chromosome

• Sex chromosomes-one pair of the total of 23 pairs

• Diploid-cell containing 2 complete sets of chromosomes; one from each parent; 2n

• Haploid-cell having a single set of unpaired chromosomes; n; half the chromosomes

number

• Homologous chromosomes-1 maternal and 1 paternal chromosomes that have the

same genes at the same loci

• Homologues- a chromosome that is similar in physical attributes and genetic

information to another chromosome with which it pairs during meiosis

• Sister chromatids- either of 2 identical copies formed by the replication of a single

chromosome with both copies joined together by a common centromere

• Gametes-mature, haploid germ cell that is able to unite with another of the opposite sex

in sexual reproduction

• Zygote-diploid cell resulting from the fusion of 2 haploid gametes; fertilized ovum

3. Describe the events that occur in prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I, prophase

II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II of mitosis.

• Prophase I

o One diploid, spindle fibers forms, nuclear membrane dissolves; homologous

chromosomes condense and pair; crossing over; tetrad

• Metaphase I

o Homologous chromosomes line up along equator the cell; spindle fibers attach

to chromosomes

• Anaphase I

o Homologous chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of the cell

• Telophase I

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Related Questions

What is the purpose of meiosis?

To enable an organism to produce gametes

To allow for growth

To allow an organism to replace damaged cells

Question 2

Select one answer.

10 points

Mitosis results in ________ and meiosis results in ________.

gametes, somatic cells

gametes, gametes

somatic cells, somatic cells

somatic cells, gametes

Question 3

Select one answer.

10 points

Which of the following tasks is accomplished through the processof meiosis?

Cell growth

Production of sperm or eggs

Replacement of dysfunctional cells

Question 4

Select one answer.

10 points

What advantage does sexual reproduction have over asexualreproduction?

All other selections are true.

Sexual reproduction provides more genetic variability

Sexual reproduction doubles the number of chromosomes in aspecies

Sexual reproduction is more efficient

Question 5

Select one answer.

10 points

Crossing over occurs between homologous chromosomes during whatstage of cell division? (Read each option carefully.)

Prophase I of meiosis

Prophase of mitosis

Prophase II of meiosis

Interphase

Question 6

Select one answer.

10 points

Corn has 20 chromosomes. When corn undergoes meiosis how manychromosomes are found in the gametes?

Question 7

Select one answer.

10 points

Homologous chromosomes separate and are pulled to opposite sidesof the cell during what stage of cell division? (Read each optioncarefully.)

Metaphase I of meiosis

Anaphase II of meiosis

Anaphase I of meiosis

Anaphase of mitosis

Question 8

Select one answer.

10 points

Mitosis results in ______ cells and meiosis results in _______cells.

diploid, haploid

haploid, diploid

diploid, diploid

haploid, haploid

jadepug655

Match the terms to the definitions provided.

Question 1 options:

	gamete
	somatic cells
	zygote
	sexual reproduction

1.	Reproductive life cycle that involves an alternation between haploid and diploid cells
2.	A single cell with a diploid number of chromosomes resulting from the fusion of an egg and a sperm.
3.	Cells (egg or sperm) resulting from a meiotic division of germ-line cells
4.	The non-reproductive cells found in embryos and mature individuals

Question 2 (5 points)

Match the terms to the definitions provided.

Question 2 options:

	syngamy
	haploid
	meiosis
	diploid
	germ-line cells

1.	The cells that will eventually undergo meiosis to produce gametes.
2.	The number of chromosomes found in gametes (eggs or sperm).
3.	The process by which two haploid gametes fuse to form a new diploid cell.
4.	A specialized reduction division that produces cells with half the normal number of chromosomes.
5.	Two sets of chromosomes present in the somatic cells of adult individuals.

M2A1 Worksheet: Mitosis and Meiosis

A dog is a diploid organisms and has 39 pairs of chromosomes (2n = 78), where n = 39 chromosomes from each parent. Use this example to answer the following question regarding chromosomal number.

INTERPHASE

How many chromosomes are present in the somatic cell?

What do they look like?

What are they âdoingâ in G1 of this phase?

What is happening in the S phase?

What is happening in the G2 phase?

What follows G2 phase in a somatic cell?

What follows G2 phase in a gamete cell?

MITOSIS

Number of chromosomes in the parent cell.

Number of chromatids in the parent cell.

Number of chromosomes in the daughter cell.

Number of chromatids in the daughter cell.

How many daughter cells are produced?

Are the daughter cells haploid or diploid?

How many cell divisions take place?

In what type of cell does this division occur?

Meiosis 1:

Number of chromosomes in the parent cell.

Number of chromatids in the parent cell.

Number of chromosomes in each Meiosis I daughter cell.

Number of chromatids in each Meiosis I daughter cell.

Are the daughter cells haploid or diploid at the end of Meiosis 1?

Meiosis II:

Number of chromosomes in the âparentâ cell (which is a daughter cell from Meiosis I).

Number of chromatids in the âparentâ cell.

Number of chromosomes in each Meiosis II daughter cell.

Number of chromatids in each Meiosis II daughter cell.

Are the daughter cells haploid or diploid at the end of Meiosis II?

Which phase or phases of Meiosis account for the genetic variability among the daughter cells? Howâ¦ what happens in this phase to create the diversity?

Comparing Mitosis and Meiosisâ¦..

How many daughter cells result from Mitosis? Are they diploid or haploid?

How many daughter cells result from Meiosis? Are they diploid or Haploid?

Cell structures and function: Match each organelle to its function:

Organelle Function

Lysosome 1. Lipid synthesis

Rough ER 2. Houses DNA

Nucleus 3. Energy extraction

Smooth ER 4. Dismantles debris

Golgi apparatus 5. detoxification

Mitochondria 6. Protein synthesis

Peroxisome 7. Processes secretions

What is the function of checkpoint proteins in the cell cycle?

How can all of a personâs cells contain exactly the same genetic material, yet specialize as bone cells, nerve cells, muscle cells and connective tissues?

What are the 3 primary germ layers?

Briefly, in one or two sentences, distinguish between

a bacterial cell and a eukaryotic cell

interphase and mitosis

mitosis and apoptosis

an autosome and a sex chromosome

homologous pair of chromosomes and a sister chromatid

centromere and centriole

chromosome and chromatid

monozygotic and dizygotic twins

allele and gene

BIOL 1081 Lecture Notes - Lecture 16: Genetic Recombination, Cell Division, Synapsis

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