BIOL 1081 Lecture Notes - Lecture 19: Release Factor, Enzyme, Dna Replication
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Ch. 14-LO
DNA structure Reading: Sections 14.1-14.3 in textbook
1. Describe the experimental evidence used to identify DNA as the genetic material, and to
determine its structure.
• Griffith- proved bacteria can get DNA through transformation
o Pneumonia
• Avery- DNA is the substance that causes bacterial transformation
o A gene is made of DNA, proves that gene, not protein is genetic material
• Hershey and Chase- proved that DNA is the carrier of the genetic material
o Grew phages, marked them, and then use them to infect bacteria
2. Draw a picture of a DNA molecule, labeling the different aspects of its structure and describing
how these affect its function. Include the double stranded helix, complementary base pairing,
and anti-parallel arrangement.
• See paper
• Polynucleotides
o Deoxyribose sugar
o Phosphate
o Complementary Base (A/T, C/G)
• 2x helix that is formed by hydrogen bonds
• Densely compacted
• Antiparallel- positioned side by side but run in different directions
3. Describe the overall structure and location of bacterial and eukaryotic chromosomes
• Bacterial
o Location- 1 chromosome in nucleoid
o Structure- circular, no free ends
• Eukaryotic
o Location-coiled around histones in the nucleus
o Structure-DNA protein complex that is compacted tightly
▪ Chromatin, solenoid, nucleosome
4. Describe how DNA is packaged in eukaryotes.
• Chromatin forms larger loops and coiled to form chromosomes
• DNA is tightly packed in the nucleus of every cell
• DNA wraps around histones, which forms loops of DNA called nucleosome
5. Describe the characteristics associated with DNA replication.
• Proceeds in a 5’ to 3’ direction starting at specific origins
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1. | In addition to identifying the genetic material, the experiments of Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty with different strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae demonstrated that | ||||||||||
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2. | In order to show that DNA in cell extracts is responsible for genetic transformation in Streptococcus pneumoniae, important corroborating evidence should indicate that _______ also destroy transforming activity. | ||||||||||
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3. | Based on what you have learned about the experiments conducted by Griffith and Avery and colleagues with bacteria, which of the following would result in transformation of living R cells? | ||||||||||
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4. | A-T base pairs in a DNA double helix | ||||||||||
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5. | If 23 percent of the bases in a sample of double-stranded DNA are adenine, what percentage of the bases are uracil? | ||||||||||
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6. | The uniform diameter of the DNA structure provides evidence for | ||||||||||
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7. | If a sequence of one strand of DNA is 5â²-TGACTATC-3â², what is the complementary strand? | ||||||||||
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8. | What structural aspect of the DNA facilitates dissociation of the two DNA strands for replication? | ||||||||||
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9. | If the MeselsonâStahl density gradient experiment had resulted in two bands of DNA molecules after only one round of replication, one containing only 15N and the second only 14N, this result would have indicated that replication was | ||||||||||
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10. | The nucleoside analogue acyclovir, which is used to treat herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections, lacks a 3â² hydroxyl group (âOH). Predict what will happen if the host cell DNA polymerase incorporates a molecule of acyclovir into an elongating strand of HSV DNA. | ||||||||||
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11. | Which of the following does not demonstrate the stability of the DNA double helix? | ||||||||||
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12. | What effect would a primase inhibitor have on DNA replication? | ||||||||||
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13. | To replicate their DNA in a timely manner, most eukaryotic chromosomes | ||||||||||
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14. | Which statement about DNA replication is false? | ||||||||||
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15. | In many eukaryotes, there are repetitive sequences called telomeres at the ends of chromosomes. After successive rounds of DNA replication, the _______ strand becomes shorter. In some cells, an enzyme called _______ repairs the shortened strand. | ||||||||||
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16. | A researcher studies normal human fibroblast cells. They can be maintained in culture but die off after about 30 cell generations. Unexpectedly, a colony of cells continues to survive and divide past 30 generations. Which scenario is most likely true for these cells? | ||||||||||
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18. | Choose the correct order of the following four events in the excision repair of DNA: (1) Base-paired DNA is made complementary to the template. (2) Damaged bases are recognized. (3) DNA ligase seals the new strand to existing DNA. (4) Part of a single strand is excised. | ||||||||||
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19. | Six complete cycles of PCR should result in a _______-fold increase in the amount of DNA. | ||||||||||
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20. | When double-stranded DNA is heated to temperatures above 90°C, it denatures. Denaturation is a process that | ||||||||||
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