FISH 310 Lecture Notes - Lecture 13: Abyssal Plain, Siphuncle, Jet Propulsion
10 Jun 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
Phylum Mollusca
Classes
Class Cephalopoda
Description
All marine
□
Most 6-70cm, but some up to 20m
□
Shell divided by septae, chamber connected by siphuncle
□
Closed circulatory system
□
Foot modification
□
Ganglia fused to form large brain in cartilaginous cranium
□
700 spp and 46 families
□
§
Ecology
Strictly marine - none can tolerate fresh water
□
Occupy most depths of the ocean - from abyssal plain to sea surface
□
All are predators and use tentacles to catch prey, beak to consume
□
§
Anatomy
□
§
Shells
Nautilus possesses a true external shell
Hypostracum, ostracum, penostracum
®
□
Shell spiral divided by septae - animal lives in outermost chamber□
Septae penetrated by siphuncle
Calcified tube
®
Osmotic pump empties water from chambers to provide buoyancy
®
□
Shell and Buoyancy Regulation
Nautilus: chambered shell
®
Cuttlefish: internal chambered shell involved in buoyancy
regulation
®
Squid = internalized shell (pen)
®
Regulate water volume
®
□
§
Movement
Jet propulsion
Nautilus: expel water from mantle cavity through funnel
®
Other cephalopods: contract and expand mantle tissues
®
Escaping predators and capturing prey
®
□
Arms (octopus) or muscular lateral fins (squid and cuttlefish)□
§
Cephalopod Protection
Chromatophores
Tiny colored cells or pigment sacs that overlay reflective cells
(iridiocytes)
®
Muscle contraction = sac expansion
®
Defensive, camouflage, courtship
®
□
Photophores
Light production by biochemical reactions
®
Bioluminescence: biochemical production of light with minimal
heat
®
Produced by symbiotic bacteria living within photophores
®
Attracting/recognizing mates, luring in prey, and protecting against
predation
®
□
Ink sac
Most cephalopods other than nautilus
®
Dark pigmented fluid = melanin and mucus
®
Forms a cloud that may confuse its predator
®
□
§
Feeding
Raptorial feeding and carnivorous diet□
Tentacles with adhesive suckers
Rim is toothed and inner was has hooks
®
Radula
®
Pair of powerful, beak-like jaws
®
□
§
Example:
Giant Squid (Architeuthis dux)
Elusive
®
Eyes among the largest in the world
®
Highly complex nervous system and brain
®
□
§
○
-
THIS IS THE END OF MATERIAL OF THE MIDTERM MINUS THE GUEST LECTURE
Phylum Annelida
General Characteristics
Pair(s) of chitinous setae
Exception: sipunculans
§
○
Vermiform (shaped like worms)
○
Soft-bodied
○
Circular in cross-section
○
Longer than they are wide
○
Metamerism (segmented organism where the segments are repeated over and over
again)
○
Body wall does gas exchange (moist environments only)
○
-
Anatomy:
○
-
Classes
Class Polychaeta
Defining Characters
65% of all annelids□
Nearly all marine□
Paired lateral outfoldings of the body wall (parapodia)□
Setae on each parapodium□
One pair of eyes and one pair of sensory appendages on the prostomium
(head)
□
§
Anatomy:
□
□
§
Errant Sedentary
Active Sedentary - create a tube that they don't leave
Parapodia Reduced or absent
Toothed or jawed Thread-like or feathery appendages
Protrusible pharynx Suspension or deposit feeders
Most carnivorous
Reproduction
□
§
Larvae are called Trochophores (also formed by molluscs)
§
Families
Family Siboglinidae (pogonophorans)
Bivalve shells and TubeWorms! - discovered in the 70s by geologists
Actual specimens are at the Smithsonian
◊
®
Discovered that they are chemosynthetic - powering synthesis by
using oxidation of chemicals
®
□
§
○
The Echiurans
Proboscis
§
Mouth at the base of probosicis
§
"Ciliated gutter"
§
Linear digestive tract
§
Setae present
§
Metamerism during development
§
○
The Sipunculans
Eversible, retractable introvert
§
Mouth at the end of the introvert
§
Tentacles around mouth
§
U-shaped digestive tract
§
Setae absent
§
No Metamerism
§
Anus on side of body, poop out the side of body so you don't have to come all
the way out of your burrow
§
○
Class Clitellata
Defining Characters
Named for clitellum - responsible for reproduction, produces cocoon for
gametes, for baby worms to grow up in
□
Simultaneous hermaphrodites □
§
Subclass Oligochaeta - Earthworms
Prostomium (head) - less advanced than … □
§
Subclass Hirudinea - Leaches
Anterior and Posterior Suckers
Attach, then move posterior, attach, then move anterior
®
Clitellum that is slightly harder to see, has male and female gonads
®
□
§
○
-
Lecture 13 -Cephalopods (continued) and Annelids
Monday, April 23, 2018
11:30 AM
Phylum Mollusca
Classes
Class Cephalopoda
Description
All marine
□
Most 6-70cm, but some up to 20m
□
Shell divided by septae, chamber connected by siphuncle
□
Closed circulatory system
□
Foot modification
□
Ganglia fused to form large brain in cartilaginous cranium
□
700 spp and 46 families
□
§
Ecology
Strictly marine - none can tolerate fresh water
□
Occupy most depths of the ocean - from abyssal plain to sea surface
□
All are predators and use tentacles to catch prey, beak to consume
□
§
Anatomy
□
§
Shells
Nautilus possesses a true external shell
Hypostracum, ostracum, penostracum
®
□
Shell spiral divided by septae - animal lives in outermost chamber□
Septae penetrated by siphuncle
Calcified tube
®
Osmotic pump empties water from chambers to provide buoyancy
®
□
Shell and Buoyancy Regulation
Nautilus: chambered shell
®
Cuttlefish: internal chambered shell involved in buoyancy
regulation
®
Squid = internalized shell (pen)
®
Regulate water volume
®
□
§
Movement
Jet propulsion
Nautilus: expel water from mantle cavity through funnel
®
Other cephalopods: contract and expand mantle tissues
®
Escaping predators and capturing prey
®
□
Arms (octopus) or muscular lateral fins (squid and cuttlefish)□
§
Cephalopod Protection
Chromatophores
Tiny colored cells or pigment sacs that overlay reflective cells
(iridiocytes)
®
Muscle contraction = sac expansion
®
Defensive, camouflage, courtship
®
□
Photophores
Light production by biochemical reactions
®
Bioluminescence: biochemical production of light with minimal
heat
®
Produced by symbiotic bacteria living within photophores
®
Attracting/recognizing mates, luring in prey, and protecting against
predation
®
□
Ink sac
Most cephalopods other than nautilus
®
Dark pigmented fluid = melanin and mucus
®
Forms a cloud that may confuse its predator
®
□
§
Feeding
Raptorial feeding and carnivorous diet□
Tentacles with adhesive suckers
Rim is toothed and inner was has hooks
®
Radula
®
Pair of powerful, beak-like jaws
®
□
§
Example:
Giant Squid (Architeuthis dux)
Elusive
®
Eyes among the largest in the world
®
Highly complex nervous system and brain
®
□
§
○
-
THIS IS THE END OF MATERIAL OF THE MIDTERM MINUS THE GUEST LECTURE
Phylum Annelida
General Characteristics
Pair(s) of chitinous setae
Exception: sipunculans
§
○
Vermiform (shaped like worms)
○
Soft-bodied
○
Circular in cross-section
○
Longer than they are wide
○
Metamerism (segmented organism where the segments are repeated over and over
again)
○
Body wall does gas exchange (moist environments only)
○
-
Anatomy:
○
-
Classes
Class Polychaeta
Defining Characters
65% of all annelids□
Nearly all marine□
Paired lateral outfoldings of the body wall (parapodia)□
Setae on each parapodium□
One pair of eyes and one pair of sensory appendages on the prostomium
(head)
□
§
Anatomy:
□
□
§
Errant Sedentary
Active Sedentary - create a tube that they don't leave
Parapodia Reduced or absent
Toothed or jawed Thread-like or feathery appendages
Protrusible pharynx Suspension or deposit feeders
Most carnivorous
Reproduction
□
§
Larvae are called Trochophores (also formed by molluscs)
§
Families
Family Siboglinidae (pogonophorans)
Bivalve shells and TubeWorms! - discovered in the 70s by geologists
Actual specimens are at the Smithsonian
◊
®
Discovered that they are chemosynthetic - powering synthesis by
using oxidation of chemicals
®
□
§
○
The Echiurans
Proboscis
§
Mouth at the base of probosicis
§
"Ciliated gutter"
§
Linear digestive tract
§
Setae present
§
Metamerism during development
§
○
The Sipunculans
Eversible, retractable introvert
§
Mouth at the end of the introvert
§
Tentacles around mouth
§
U-shaped digestive tract
§
Setae absent
§
No Metamerism
§
Anus on side of body, poop out the side of body so you don't have to come all
the way out of your burrow
§
○
Class Clitellata
Defining Characters
Named for clitellum - responsible for reproduction, produces cocoon for
gametes, for baby worms to grow up in
□
Simultaneous hermaphrodites □
§
Subclass Oligochaeta - Earthworms
Prostomium (head) - less advanced than … □
§
Subclass Hirudinea - Leaches
Anterior and Posterior Suckers
Attach, then move posterior, attach, then move anterior
®
Clitellum that is slightly harder to see, has male and female gonads
®
□
§
○
-
Lecture 13 -Cephalopods (continued) and Annelids
Monday, April 23, 2018
11:30 AM
Phylum Mollusca
Classes
Class Cephalopoda
Description
All marine□
Most 6-70cm, but some up to 20m□
Shell divided by septae, chamber connected by siphuncle□
Closed circulatory system□
Foot modification□
Ganglia fused to form large brain in cartilaginous cranium□
700 spp and 46 families□
§
Ecology
Strictly marine - none can tolerate fresh water□
Occupy most depths of the ocean - from abyssal plain to sea surface□
All are predators and use tentacles to catch prey, beak to consume □
§
Anatomy
□
§
Shells
Nautilus possesses a true external shell
Hypostracum, ostracum, penostracum
®
□
Shell spiral divided by septae - animal lives in outermost chamber
□
Septae penetrated by siphuncle
Calcified tube
®
Osmotic pump empties water from chambers to provide buoyancy
®
□
Shell and Buoyancy Regulation
Nautilus: chambered shell
®
Cuttlefish: internal chambered shell involved in buoyancy
regulation
®
Squid = internalized shell (pen)
®
Regulate water volume
®
□
§
Movement
Jet propulsion
Nautilus: expel water from mantle cavity through funnel
®
Other cephalopods: contract and expand mantle tissues
®
Escaping predators and capturing prey
®
□
Arms (octopus) or muscular lateral fins (squid and cuttlefish)
□
§
Cephalopod Protection
Chromatophores
Tiny colored cells or pigment sacs that overlay reflective cells
(iridiocytes)
®
Muscle contraction = sac expansion
®
Defensive, camouflage, courtship
®
□
Photophores
Light production by biochemical reactions
®
Bioluminescence: biochemical production of light with minimal
heat
®
Produced by symbiotic bacteria living within photophores
®
Attracting/recognizing mates, luring in prey, and protecting against
predation
®
□
Ink sac
Most cephalopods other than nautilus
®
Dark pigmented fluid = melanin and mucus
®
Forms a cloud that may confuse its predator
®
□
§
Feeding
Raptorial feeding and carnivorous diet
□
Tentacles with adhesive suckers
Rim is toothed and inner was has hooks
®
Radula
®
Pair of powerful, beak-like jaws
®
□
§
Example:
Giant Squid (Architeuthis dux)
Elusive
®
Eyes among the largest in the world
®
Highly complex nervous system and brain
®
□
§
○
-
THIS IS THE END OF MATERIAL OF THE MIDTERM MINUS THE GUEST LECTURE
Phylum Annelida
General Characteristics
Pair(s) of chitinous setae
Exception: sipunculans
§
○
Vermiform (shaped like worms)
○
Soft-bodied
○
Circular in cross-section
○
Longer than they are wide
○
Metamerism (segmented organism where the segments are repeated over and over
again)
○
Body wall does gas exchange (moist environments only)
○
-
Anatomy:
○
-
Classes
Class Polychaeta
Defining Characters
65% of all annelids□
Nearly all marine□
Paired lateral outfoldings of the body wall (parapodia)□
Setae on each parapodium□
One pair of eyes and one pair of sensory appendages on the prostomium
(head)
□
§
Anatomy:
□
□
§
Errant Sedentary
Active Sedentary - create a tube that they don't leave
Parapodia Reduced or absent
Toothed or jawed Thread-like or feathery appendages
Protrusible pharynx Suspension or deposit feeders
Most carnivorous
Reproduction
□
§
Larvae are called Trochophores (also formed by molluscs)
§
Families
Family Siboglinidae (pogonophorans)
Bivalve shells and TubeWorms! - discovered in the 70s by geologists
Actual specimens are at the Smithsonian
◊
®
Discovered that they are chemosynthetic - powering synthesis by
using oxidation of chemicals
®
□
§
○
The Echiurans
Proboscis
§
Mouth at the base of probosicis
§
"Ciliated gutter"
§
Linear digestive tract
§
Setae present
§
Metamerism during development
§
○
The Sipunculans
Eversible, retractable introvert
§
Mouth at the end of the introvert
§
Tentacles around mouth
§
U-shaped digestive tract
§
Setae absent
§
No Metamerism
§
Anus on side of body, poop out the side of body so you don't have to come all
the way out of your burrow
§
○
Class Clitellata
Defining Characters
Named for clitellum - responsible for reproduction, produces cocoon for
gametes, for baby worms to grow up in
□
Simultaneous hermaphrodites □
§
Subclass Oligochaeta - Earthworms
Prostomium (head) - less advanced than … □
§
Subclass Hirudinea - Leaches
Anterior and Posterior Suckers
Attach, then move posterior, attach, then move anterior
®
Clitellum that is slightly harder to see, has male and female gonads
®
□
§
○
-
Lecture 13 -Cephalopods (continued) and Annelids
Monday, April 23, 2018 11:30 AM
Document Summary
Shell divided by septae, chamber connected by siphuncle. Ganglia fused to form large brain in cartilaginous cranium. Strictly marine - none can tolerate fresh water. Occupy most depths of the ocean - from abyssal plain to sea surface. All are predators and use tentacles to catch prey, beak to consume. Shell spiral divided by septae - animal lives in outermost chamber. Osmotic pump empties water from chambers to provide buoyanc. Cuttlefish: internal chambered shell involved in buoyancy regulation. Nautilus: expel water from mantle cavity through funnel. Arms (octopus) or muscular lateral fins (squid and cuttlefish) Tiny colored cells or pigment sacs that overlay reflective cells (iridiocytes) Bioluminescence: biochemical production of light with minimal heat. Attracting/recognizing mates, luring in prey, and protecting again predation. Forms a cloud that may confuse its predator. Rim is toothed and inner was has hooks yancy al against. Rim is toothed and inner was has hooks.
